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Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Multicellular Organisms?

A

An organism composed of many integrated cells.

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2
Q

What is the Hierarchical Structural Organisation?

A

Single Cell -> Many Similar Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism.

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3
Q

What is a Cell?

A

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. Cells make up a function called tissues. Eg. Muscle, nerve and brain cells.

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4
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

A group of cells of the same type, performing a function.

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5
Q

What is an Organ?

A

A group of different tissues bound together to perform a particular function.

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6
Q

What is an Organ System?

A

Different organs working together to perform a specific function.

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7
Q

What is Cell Specialisation?

A

The changes in a cell that allow it to perform a specific function.

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8
Q

What is an Artery?

A

A thick-walled blood vessel that leaves the heart or aorta and ends in an arteriole.

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9
Q

What is a Vein?

A

A blood vessel that begins in a capillary bed and enters the heart in animals.

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10
Q

What is a Capillary?

A

A fine blood vessel with walls one cell thick, permeating tissues; pressure in these vessels causes plasma to pass out into the tissue fluid.

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11
Q

Identify the essential features of Homeostasis.

A

The organism must be able to detect changes in both the internal and external environment and respond to them. This involves changes in the chemicals within an individual cell or in the specialised cells of a sense organ and is regulated by a feedback system.

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12
Q

What is a Pheromone? What is its role?

A

A hormone that is released externally from an organism. Pheromones act as external signals to other members of the species, e.g. for mating.

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13
Q

Identify two broad functions of the Nervous System.

A

To receive sensory information from sense organs that detect changes, and to respond to changes via motor impulses that cause the body to react.

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14
Q

What is a Sense Organ?

A

An organ of the body which responds to external stimuli by conveying impulses to the sensory nervous system.

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15
Q

What is the ‘all-or-nothing’ law in impulse conduction?

A

A nerve cell or muscle fibre will always fire at full strength regardless of the strength of the stimulus (above a certain threshold).

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16
Q

Identify the actions at a particular point of an axon as a nerve impulse passes.

A

Information is carried from cell to cell by electrical pulses that generate changes in ions across neuron membranes . As a nerve impulse passes, sodium-potassium pumps work to move sodium out of the cell and potassium into it. The resting state is polarised.

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17
Q

Contrast three factors in the method of signal transmission between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

A
  • The speed of transmission is much slower in the endocrine system and very rapid in the nervous system.
  • Transmission is long lasting in the endocrine system, whereas it is short lived in the nervous system.
  • Nervous system transmission is localised while the endocrine system transmission is spread throughout the body.
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18
Q

Different organisms have a specific optimal and tolerance range for any particular environmental condition. Distinguish between optimal and tolerance range.

A

Optimal range is a narrow range of a condition that an organism is best suited to while the tolerance range is a wide range of conditions that an organism can survive in.

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19
Q

Whales are homeothermic animals. Many, such as the humpback whale, spend considerable time in very cold Antarctic waters. Describe three features of the whale that reduce loss of core body heat to the environment.

A

They have a low surface area to volume ratio, having a reduced amount of skin compared to the volume of their body that heat can be lost across. A layer of blubber under the skin acts to insulate the whale, preventing heat loss. They also have a counter-current exchange of heat whereby heat is transferred from blood flowing towards the tail to the blood being carried back to the heart.

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20
Q

Compare Torpor and Aestivation.

A

Aestivation is a period of dormancy due to hot conditions in summer, while torpor occurs all year around due to daily fluctuations in temperature.

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21
Q

Compare Osmoregulation and Excretion.

A

Osmoregulation is maintaining salt and water balance across plasma membranes by the diffusion of water whereas excretion is the removal of excess water and wastes which helps to maintain osmotic balance.

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22
Q

Compare Ectothermic and Endothermic.

A

Endothermic animals are able to generate their own heat and maintain a constant internal body temperature regardless of the external temperature. Ectotherms rely on the external environment to regulate their internal body temperature.

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23
Q

Describe how humidity, wind speed and temperature affect the rate of water loss by a plant during the day.

A

As humidity increases, the rate of transpiration decreases, because there is moisture surrounding the leaf, preventing a large concentration gradient from being created. With increasing temperature the rate of transpiration also increases because water evaporates faster at higher temperatures. At higher wind speeds, transpiration rates also increase due to more humid air being ‘pulled’ away from the leaf surface, making it drier.

24
Q

Contrast non-infectious and infectious diseases.

A

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and can be transferred from one individual to the next, non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and so cannot be passed to others.

25
Q

Identify three causes of non-infectious disease.

A

Lifestyle, environment and genes.

26
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

A foreign substance or toxin that induces an immune response, resulting in the production of antibodies.

27
Q

Distinguish between the cellular mediated immune response and humoral mediated immune response.

A

In the humoral mediated response, B-cells recognise antigens circulating in the lymph or blood and bind to them. The B-cells produce plasma cells with antibodies and memory cells. In the cell mediated response, T-cells respond to damaged, altered cells or cells containing pathogens by producing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes which destroy cells displaying the antigens.

28
Q

Contrast active immunity in plants and animals.

A

While active immunity in animals involves the production of antibodies in response to antigens, specific plant cell receptors are able to recognise chemicals released from pathogens as non-self and trigger the production of chemicals such as antibiotics or toxic products that can destroy a pathogen or infected cells.

29
Q

Draw and recall the gas exchange between the alveoli and blood capillary.

A

file:///Users/320goldella/Desktop/Screen%20Shot%202019-09-11%20at%2011.51.05%20am.png

30
Q

What are the three different fluids involved in the transport system?

A
  1. Tissue Fluid (or intercellular fluid).
  2. Blood.
  3. Lymph.
31
Q

What is Lymph?

A

Tissue fluid, containing a high volume of white blood cells, which has been taken up by the lymphatic vessels to be returned to the blood vascular system.

Composition:

  • no protein.
  • rich in lipids.
  • contains lymphocytes.

Functions:

  • transport to viens.
  • phagocytosis of bacteria.
32
Q

What is the Transport System?

A

A system of vessels responsible for the movement of materials through an organism.

33
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

The movement of materials into and out of a cell, usually against a concentration or ionic gradient, requiring cellular energy.

34
Q

What is the structure of the Lymphatic System?

A

-The lymphatic vessels are like veins in general structure but have small, blind-ending tubules called lacteals in the tissues.
-Not all of the tissue fluid returns to the capillaries as some is taken up by these lacteals that drain into lymphatic vessels.
-The fluid in these vessels is called lymph.
-Small lymphatic vessels join up with each other to become larger, and the lymph fluid is prevented from moving backwards by one-way valves.
Eventually the lymph fluid is returned tom the heart via two major veins in the neck region of the mammal.

35
Q

What is a Lacteal?

A

A blind-ending lymph vessel that collects tissue fluid.

36
Q

What is a Lymph Node?

A

An organ on the course of major lymph vessels containing cells involved with the immune system.

37
Q

Recall the structure and function of gas exchange through the lungs.

A

file:///Users/320goldella/Desktop/Screen%20Shot%202019-09-11%20at%2011.52.05%20am.png

  • Air moves in through the mouth and nose,
  • Down the pharynx and trachea,
  • Until the pathway splits into two bronchi (singular, bronchus).
  • Each bronchus branches into a network of tubes (bronchioles) that become progressively smaller.
  • They finally open into tiny bubble-like sacs, the alveoli (singular, alveolus).
  • The interior of the alveolus has a moist lining to allow the oxygen to dissolve.
  • The alveoli are enclosed by a single layer of flattened cells that are in close proximity to a capillary, ensuring a narrow diffusion pathway and therefore rapid exchange of gases between the alveolus and blood capillary.
38
Q

What is Ventilation?

A

Active movement of the passage of air (or water) over gas exchange surfaces.

39
Q

What is Inspiration?

A

The movement of air into the lungs.

40
Q

What is Expiration?

A

The movement of air out of the lungs.

41
Q

Recall the passage way of Ventilation in humans.

A

file:///Users/320goldella/Desktop/Screen%20Shot%202019-09-11%20at%2011.55.52%20am.png

42
Q

What is a Nutrient?

A

Any substance used as food by an organism.

43
Q

What is a Non-Essential Nutrient?

A

A nutrient that can be synthesised by an organism.

44
Q

What is an Essential Nutrient?

A

A nutrient that must be ingested and absorbed since it cannot be synthesised by the organism.

45
Q

What is a Heterotroph?

A

An organism which derives its external source of energy from other living organisms.

46
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

The waves of contraction and relaxation in muscular walls of the alimentary canal, aiding in mechanical digestion and moving food forward through its strength.

47
Q

What is Chemical Digestion?

A

The decomposition of the large organic molecules involves hydrolysis that breaks down the chemical bonds between their basic units (monomers).
OR.
The hydrolysis of complex organic molecules to smaller units that are small enough to pass through cell membranes; mediated by enzymes specific to each chemical.

48
Q

What is the role of digestive enzyme, Amylase?

A

An enzyme that stimulates the conversion of polysaccharides (carbohydrate) to disaccharides.

49
Q

What is the role of digestive enzyme, Protease?

A

The general term for an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of proteins.

50
Q

What is the role of digestive enzyme, Lipase?

A

The general term for an enzyme that is involved in the hydrolysis of lipids.

51
Q

What is the Xylem?

A

A complex tissue composed of living and dead cells; the tracheids and vessels are the non-living components through which water and dissolved mineral nutrients pass from the roots to the leaves in the transpiration stream.

52
Q

What is the Phloem?

A

A complex tissue composed of living and dead cells; its functional unit consists of a sieve element and a companion cell. Sieve tubes (composed of sieve elements end-to-end) provide the route for the movement organic solutes in vascular plants.

53
Q

What is the Epidermis?

A

The outermost layer of cells in plants and animals.

54
Q

What is the Cuticle?

A

The superficial, non-cellular layer covering a plant or animal.

55
Q

What is the Stoma (Plural Stomata)?

A

Pore in leaf epidermis, bound by guard cells; allows gas exchange and transpiration.

56
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process that converts radiant energy from the sun into the chemical bond energy of glucose.

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