Multicellular Organisms Flashcards
What is cell specialisation?
The process where cells develop specific structures and functions to perform particular tasks in multicellular organisms.
What is the hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms?
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism.
What are the four main types of tissues in animals?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
What are the main types of plant tissues?
Dermal, vascular (xylem and phloem), and ground tissue.
What is the function of the digestive system?
To break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body.
What is the role of the circulatory system?
To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body via blood.
How does the respiratory system function?
It facilitates gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to be expelled.
What is the function of the excretory system?
To remove metabolic waste products from the body and maintain water and salt balance.
How do plants transport water and nutrients?
Through transpiration in the xylem and translocation in the phloem.
How do plants exchange gases?
Through stomata in leaves, allowing CO2 in and O2 out for photosynthesis.
What role do enzymes play in digestion?
Enzymes break down macromolecules into smaller, absorbable molecules (e.g., amylase breaks down starch, protease breaks down proteins, lipase breaks down fats).
What is diffusion?
The passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion requires membrane proteins to help transport molecules across the cell membrane, while simple diffusion does not.
How is active transport different from passive transport?
Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient, whereas passive transport does not require energy.
What is exocytosis?
Exocytosis is the process of expelling materials from the cell.
What is endocytosis?
Endocytosis is the process of taking in large molecules via vesicles,
What is transpiration?
The process of water movement through a plant, from roots to leaves, where it evaporates through stomata.
What is the function of stomata?
To regulate gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out) and control water loss through transpiration.
What is the function guard cells?
Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata by changing shape in response to environmental conditions such as light, humidity, and CO₂ levels.
How do plants transport nutrients?
Water and minerals are transported via xylem
