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Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the structures of the male reproductive system? (4)

A

Testis, Sperm duct, Urethra and Penis

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2
Q

What are the structures of the female reproductive system? (5)

A

Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus, Cervix and Vagina

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3
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct?

A

The sperm duct carries sperm from the testes to the penis

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4
Q

What is the penis?

A

The penis puts sperm into the vagina of the female

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5
Q

What is the function of the testis?

A

The testis produce sperm

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6
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The urethra carries sperm through the penis out the body

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7
Q

What is the uterus?

A

The uterus is where the embryo develops

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8
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

The oviduct is the site of fertilisation

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9
Q

What is the ovary?

A

The ovary produces ova

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10
Q

What is an ovum?

A

The ovum is a scientific term for the egg

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11
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The cervix is the narrow muscular opening of the uterus

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12
Q

What is the vagina?

A

The vagina is the passage through which sperm enters the body and the baby exits

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13
Q

What are the labels in this plant diagram?

A

Petals, Stigma, Style, Ovary, Sepal, Anther, Filament, Ovule, Nectary

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14
Q

What does the sepal do?

A

The sepal protects the flower when it’s a bud.

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15
Q

What do the petals do?

A

They attract insects with their bright colours.

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16
Q

What do the anthers do?

A

The anthers produce pollen grains which contain the male gamete.

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17
Q

What is the stigma?

A

The stigma is a sticky structure that catches pollen grains.

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18
Q

What is the style?

A

The style connects the ovary to the stigma.

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19
Q

What does ovary do?

A

The ovary produces ovules which contain the female gamete.

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20
Q

What does nectary do?

A

The nectary produces nectar to attract insects.

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21
Q

What does the ovule contain?

A

The ovule contains the female gamete.

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22
Q

What is the stamen? (2)

A

The male parts of the flower are the stamen, they are the filament and the anther.

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23
Q

What is the carpel? (2)

A

The carpel is the female part of the flower. The female parts of the flowers are the stigma, style and ovary.

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24
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is when the nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete.

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25
Q

How does fertilisation work in animals? (Use details)

A

In animals the sperm swims to the ovum then one sperm enters the ovum and the nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the ovum. The zygote then divides by mitosis producing many cells which develop into new offspring.

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26
Q

What is the name for cell division?

A

Mitosis is the name for cell division.

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27
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A zygote is a fertilised ovum.

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28
Q

What is pollination?

A

Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma

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29
Q

What do the ovule and ovary develop into? (Plants)

A

The fertilised ovule develops into a seed and the ovary surrounding it becomes the fruit.

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30
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

In humans, normal body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total)

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31
Q

Why are normal body cells called diploid?

A

Normal body cells are considered diploid as their chromosomes can be arranged in pairs, they have two sets of chromosomes

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32
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Haploid means 1 set of chromosomes

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33
Q

How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?

A

23

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34
Q

Explain how the chromosomes make pairs

A

When the male gamete fertilises the female gamete, their chromosomes come together to produce pairs again. Therefor each parent provides half the genetic material for the embryo.

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35
Q

(True or false) the sex cells are haploid and once the ovule is fertilised the diploid number is regained.

A

True

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36
Q

How many chromosomes do people with Down syndrome have?

A

47

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37
Q

How many parents does sexual reproduction involve?

A

2

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38
Q

Go into detail about what gametes contain. (4)

A

Each gamete contains half the genetic information needed to make a complete individual. The genetic code is contained in DNA in threads of chromosomes. Each chromosome carries many genes. (A gene is a section of DNA that codes for particular inherited characteristics)

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39
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Getting rid of the weak so organisms can adapt to be stronger. (Survival of the fittest) (strong and weak meant differently)

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40
Q

What is asexual reproduction? (2)

A

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces clones of itself.

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41
Q

What is binary fission?

A

This is when single celled organisms split producing two identical individuals.

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42
Q

What is budding?

A

Some simple animals reproduce by budding, budding is when an identical organism grows from the parent and eventually falls off.

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43
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

Fragmentation is when animals have the ability to regenerate a complete individual from a fragment broken off the parent.

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44
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Parthenogenesis is when young develop from unfertilised eggs. Offspring are generally all female.

45
Q

Why is asexual reproduction often quicker than sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction is often quicker than sexual reproduction as it doesn’t involve courtship or as many stages.

46
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A

Vegetative propagation is another name for asexual reproduction.

47
Q

What is a runner?

A

A runner is a horizontal stem which goes out from the parent. Runner buds form and supply the new plant with food and water from the parent until their roots grow and they detach from their parents.

48
Q

What are bulbs?

A

A bulb contains thick fleshy leaves full of stored food, which is used for growth of the new plant. During winter the new plant sends food back down to form new bulbs attached to the old parent.

49
Q

What are Tubers?

A

A plant stores food in underground storage organs called tubers. Tubers stay in the soil until the following year and then sprout from buds to form new plants.

50
Q

What are leaf plantlets?

A

Some plants produce small plantlets attached to their leaves. They receive food and water from the parent plant in order to grow. When they are big enough they drop off forming a new plant.

51
Q

Describe organisation in the body

A

There’s cells,tissues, organs and systems

52
Q

Does sexual reproduction produced varied offspring?

A

Yes

53
Q

How many copies of a gene do we get for every characteristic?

A

2

54
Q

What are the different versions of gene called?

A

Alleles are different versions of genes and can be represented as letters.

55
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A genotype is the genes we have for particular characteristics.

56
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for one characteristic.

57
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

An individual that has two identical alleles for a particular characteristic.

58
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

An individual that has two different alleles for a particular characteristic

59
Q

What does true breeding mean?

A

An individual is homozygous for a characteristic and so if crosses will breed true to type

60
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A phenotype is the appearance of an individual as a result of their genotype.

61
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that is always expressed and can hide the presence of other alleles is dominant.

62
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that is not always expressed and can be hidden is a recessive allele.

63
Q

What is a punnet square?

A

A grid used to work out possible combinations of alleles from gametes during fertilisation.

64
Q

What does P,F1 and F2 mean?

A

P means parent
F1 means first generation
F2 means second generation

65
Q

What do plants need to germinate? (3)

A

Water, Oxygen and Warmth

66
Q

How do you layer plants?

A

Dip a long wounded stem into rooting powder and peg it into the grown. Cut of its parents when grown

67
Q

What is grafting?

A

Grafting is a horticultural technique used to join parts from two or more plants so they appear to grow as a single plant.

68
Q

What type of reproduction do vertebrates use?

A

Sexual reproduction is used be vertebrates

69
Q

What’s external fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation that takes place in the water

70
Q

What is spawning?

A

Spawning is when the female releases unfertilised eggs and the male releases sperm.

71
Q

What happens after fertilisation? (Details) (11)

A

After fertilisation in the oviduct the zygote divides by mitosis to form a ball of cells, this is swept into the uterus. It implants into the wall which has a good blood supply. As developments continue, a flat disc like placenta develops which is connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord. The placenta has many finger-like projection called villus which extend to the wall of the uterus. The baby is protected by a watery solution called amniotic fluid which is contained in the amniotic sac.

72
Q

What is the placenta?

A

The placenta is the source of raw materials and energy for nourishment. The placenta allows food and oxygen from the mothers blood to diffuse into the embryos blood into to the mothers to be got rid of.

73
Q

Which process allows dissolved gases to pass from high concentrations to low from one blood supply to the other?

A

Osmosis

74
Q

What’s the life cycle of flowering plants? (7)

A

Germination,plant growth, flower formation, pollination, fertilisation, seed and fruit formation and seed dispersal repeat to form the cycle of flowering plants.

75
Q

What is self pollination?

A

Self pollination is when pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower.

76
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

Cross-pollination is when pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of a different flower if the same species.

77
Q

What is seed dispersal?

A

Seed dispersal is the spreading of seed as far as possible from the parent plant.

78
Q

How can seeds be dispersed?

A

Wind, animals internal or external and self or explosive

79
Q

What are annual plants?

A

Annual plants only produce once in their lifetime.

80
Q

What are perennials plants?

A

Perennial plants live for many years and may reproduce making flowers, fruits and seeds many times over their life time

81
Q

What are the benefits for having both sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

It increases the likelihood that the plant can reproduce

82
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.

83
Q

What is physiological homeostasis?

A

Physiological homeostasis is how the body systems work automatically to adjust the body conditions to within a narrow range of conditions.

84
Q

What’s the maintenance of the core body temperature called?

A

Thermoregulation

85
Q

What’s the maintainer of water balance in the body called?

A

Osmoregulation

86
Q

What happens when there’s an increase in temperature?

A

A tiny muscles relax causing skin hairs to lie flat
Sweat glands produce more sweat when it evaporates it uses heat cooling the body
Skin blood vessels dilate this is to increase the flow of blood to the skin, so more heat is lost by radiation

87
Q

What happens if there’s a decrease in body temperature?

A

Tiny muscles contract causing skin hairs to stand up this traps a layer of air as insulation
Sweat glands produce less or no sweat
Skin blood vessels narrow this reduces the flow of blood to the skin to less heat is lost by radiation

In extreme conditions, shivering occurs
skeletal muscles contract, causing shivering movements that generate heat in the muscles

88
Q

What is the normal core body temperature?

A

37 degrees Celsius

89
Q

What are receptors?

A

Thermal receptors in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus, detect the temperature of your blood

90
Q

What are effectors?

A

The main effector is the skin (skeletal muscles are also involved in cases of extreme cooling)

91
Q

What happens when blood temperature is too low?

A

When core body temperature decreases thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus, detects a change and send more nerve impulses to the skin. This causes the skin here to stand up trapping air to insulate. Also vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the skin so reducing how much heat is lost by radiation. Sweating ceases, so heat is not lost by evaporation. All these changes help to conserve heat. If the body temperature is very low, the hypothalamus also sends messages to the skeletal muscles to contract causing shivering movements that generate heat. The responses by the skin and the shivering reverse the fall in temperature - this is called negative feedback.

92
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + glucose -> water + carbon dioxide + energy

93
Q

Should water gain and water loss balance?

A

Yes

94
Q

What are the main organs in osmoregulation?

A

Kidneys

95
Q

What are the labels on this diagram of a kidney?

A

The renal artery
The kidney
The renal vein
The ureter
The bladder
The urethra

96
Q

What is the function of the renal artery?

A

The renal artery carries blood into the kidney.

97
Q

What is the function of the renal vein?

A

The renal vein carries filtered blood away from the kidney.

98
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

The kidney filters the blood, removing extra water and waste.

99
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

The ureter carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

100
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

The bladder stores urine.

101
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

The urethra carries urine out of the body.

102
Q

What are the nephrons? (2)

A

The nephrons are microscopic filtering units, the kidneys contain millions of them.

103
Q

How do the nephrons work? (2)

A

The nephron is work by filtering small molecules out of the blood and reabsorbing useful substance back into the blood as required.

104
Q

What are the parts of the nephron? (5)

A

Glomerulus call, Bowmans capsule, groups of Henle, collecting duct, blood capillary

105
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is when the body takes measures to reverse a change. There is a way from normal levels.

106
Q

What are receptors and effectors?

A

Receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain detect abnormalities in the body, they then send messages to they then send messages to the effectors that resolve the issue.

107
Q

What is ADH?

A

ADH is Anti–diuretic hormone, ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct and so causes more water to be re-absorbed there for less water is lost in urine.

108
Q

How does the pituitary gland relate to ADH?

A

The pituitary gland releases ADH when the hypothalamus send a message to the kidneys.

Biology (1 decks)

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