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N5 Biology > Multicellular Organisms > Flashcards

Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the female sex cell in animals

A

The egg (ovum)

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2
Q

Name the male sex cell in animals

A

The sperm

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3
Q

Name the male sex cell in plants

A

pollen

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4
Q

Name the female sex cell in plants

A

ovule

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5
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The fusion of the nucleii of the haploid gametes of two parents to create a new diploid cell

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6
Q

Where does fertilisation take place in animals

A

In the oviduct

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7
Q

Where does fertilisation take place in plants

A

In the ovary

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8
Q

define haploid

A

A cell with half a full set of chromosomes

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9
Q

define diploid

A

a cell with a full set of chromosomes

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10
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

reproduction involving two parents that results in offspring with a set of genetic information from each

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11
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

reproduction involving only one parent resulting in genetic clones as offspring

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12
Q

why is variation important

A

variation is needed so species are able to adapt if their environment changes

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13
Q

What are the pros and cons of asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction is efficient but doesn’t allow a species to adapt

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14
Q

what are the pros and cons of sexual reproduction

A

Time consuming but the species can evolve and adapt

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15
Q

what plants use tubers

A

potatoes

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16
Q

what uses runners

A

strawberries

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17
Q

what uses bulbs

A

garlic

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18
Q

what uses plantlets

A

mexican hat plant

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19
Q

what are the two methods of artificial asexual reproduction for plants

A

cutting - section of plant inserted into soil
grafting - section of plant fitted and bound to root stock

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20
Q

what is cell division

A

a means of increasing the number of cells in an organism

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21
Q

why do multicelluar organisms need mitosis

A

for growth and repair

22
Q

what is contained within two cells produced by mitosis

A

a complete set of chromosomes and the same genetics

23
Q

step 1 of mitosis

A

dna is replicatiing itself, appears as fine threads in the nucleus

24
Q

step 2 of mitosis

A

nuclear membrane begins to break down, chromosones condense and appear as double stranded in nucleus

25
Q

step 3 of mitosis

A

chromosomes line up at the equator of cell Spindle fibres attach at the centromere

26
Q

step 4 of mitosis

A

Spindle fibres contract, pulling chromatids apart towards the cell’s poles.

27
Q

step 5 of mitosis

A

nuclear membranes reform around the two separate sets of single stranded chromosomes

28
Q

step 6 of mitosis

A

cytoplasm divides, two identical daughter cells are left

29
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an unspecialised cell. the cells in the body of a multicellular organism that carry out mitosis

30
Q

where can you find stem cells

A

embryos (embryonic) and adult tissue (multipotent)

31
Q

what are the uses of embryonic stem cells

A

to treat diseases such as Parkinsons or MS and for drugs testing

32
Q

why is the use of embryonic stem cells controversial?

A

because it involves the destruction of an embryo which many believe is equivalent to murder

33
Q

give an example of a nutrient required for healthy embryo development

A

Vitamin D for bone development, Vitamin A for eyesight etc.

34
Q

what is a zygote

A

newly fertilised egg cell

35
Q

blastocyst

A

16 celled embryo

36
Q

foetus

A

embryo recognisable as baby

37
Q

what substances can harm an embryo

A

alcohol can lead to FAS, which can cause learning difficulties, developmental issues and facial abnormalities

38
Q

what do plants need to grow

A

light heat water

39
Q

nature vs nurture

A

genetics vs environment

40
Q

continuous variation

A

measured on a scale of highest to lowest, polygenic
eg. height or weight

41
Q

discrete variation

A

can be measured categorically, due to a single gene
eg. eye colour, tongue rolling

42
Q

polygenic vs single gene inheritance

A

many genes and environment vs one gene

43
Q

genotype

A

the set of genes inherited

44
Q

phenotype

A

how the genotype expresses itself physically

45
Q

dominant

A

the allele that hides the other

46
Q

the allele that is hidden

A

recessive

47
Q

heterozygous

A

an individual with a copy of two alleles

48
Q

homozygous

A

an individual with 2 copies of the same allele

49
Q

alleles

A

different versions of the same gene

50
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a protein

51
Q

What is another term for homozygous

A

True breeding

52
Q

2 reasons why predicted ratios are not always achieved

A

Because fertilisation is a random process, because the number of offspring is not big enough

N5 Biology (2 decks)

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