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Biology > Multicellular organisms > Flashcards

Multicellular organisms Flashcards

producing new cells, control and communication & reproduction

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the stages of mitosis ?

A
  1. chromosomes are uncoiled
  2. chromosomes condense
  3. chromosomes line up on the equator
  4. chromatids pulled apart by spindle fibres
  5. cytoplasm splits forming two daughter cells
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2
Q

what is the hierarchy of organisation ?

A

cells –> tissue –> muscle –> organ –> organ system

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3
Q

Give an example of a specialised cell

A

red blood cell

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4
Q

what is specialisation ?

A

a cell which has a specific shape or structure which allows them to carry out a specific functions

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5
Q

what are the two types of stem cell ?

A

embryonic stem cells and tissue stem cells

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6
Q

what can stem cells do which makes them unique ?

A

self renewing or have potential to become different types of cell

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7
Q

name to processes that stem cells are involved in

A

skin transplants or to cure diseases

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8
Q

what two processes require new cells from mitosis ?

A

growth and repair

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9
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum ?

A

balance and coordination

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10
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum ?

A

conscious thought and memory

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11
Q

what is the function of the medulla ?

A

heart rate and breathing

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12
Q

what does the cerebellum look like ?

A

large leaf like shape, at the back

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13
Q

what does the cerebrum look like ?

A

main part of the brain large and at the front

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14
Q

what does the medulla look like ?

A

a short stick at the front and in front of the cerebrum

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15
Q

what are the two components of the nervous system ?

A

brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

what are the two components of the CNS ?

A

nervous system and other nerves

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17
Q

what is the function of the sensory neuron ?

A

pass information to the CNS

18
Q

what is the function of the inter neuron ?

A

operate within the CNS

19
Q

what is the function of the motor neuron ?

A

enable a response at the effector

20
Q

what is the function of a reflex arc ?

A

to protect the body from harm

21
Q

what is a receptor ?

A

it detects sensory stimuli

22
Q

what is an effector ?

A

something that produce a response to a detected stimulus

23
Q

what is an example of a rapid action or slower response ?

A

RA- muscle

SR- gland

24
Q

what carries messages along neurons ?

A

electrical impulses

25
Q

what is the gap between neurons called and how do messages transfer between neurons ?

A

synapse and chemicals

26
Q

what is a target tissue ?

A

where the hormones has its effect it has special receptors on their surface

27
Q

what molecule stores glucose in the body ? where is it stored ?

A

glycogen, liver

28
Q

how does insulin control blood glucose levels ?

A

pancreas decreases blood sugar levels when they get to high (like after eating) by producing insulin, this activates an enzyme which converts glucose into glycogen

29
Q

how does glucagon control blood glucose levels ?

A

pancreas increases blood sugar levels when they get to low (after fasting) by producing glucagon, this activates an enzyme which converts glycogen into glucose

30
Q

what kind of glands release hormones ? what is this organ ?

A

endocrine glands in pancreas

31
Q

how do hormones travel around the body ?

A

blood stream

32
Q

what is a hormone ?

A

chemical messenger to send messages from one part of the body from another

33
Q

what is a gamete ?

A

an organs reproductive cells. IT IS HAPLOID

34
Q

what is haploid ?

A

one set of chromosomes

35
Q

what is diploid ?

A

two sets of chromosomes

36
Q

what is fertilisation ?

A

the fusion of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote which divides to from an embryo

37
Q

what is the male gamete in plants and where is it produced ?

A

pollen and produced in the anther

38
Q

what is the female gamete in plants and where is it produced ?

A

ovule in the ovary

39
Q

what is the male gamete in animals and where is it produced ?

A

sperm in the testes

40
Q

what is the female gamete in animals and where is it produced ?

A

egg in the ovaries

41
Q

specialisations of the sperm and egg to perform its function

A

S- tail to swim

E- yolk to provided food store for new cell

Biology (2 decks)

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