Multicellular organisms Flashcards
producing new cells, control and communication & reproduction
what are the stages of mitosis ?
- chromosomes are uncoiled
- chromosomes condense
- chromosomes line up on the equator
- chromatids pulled apart by spindle fibres
- cytoplasm splits forming two daughter cells
what is the hierarchy of organisation ?
cells –> tissue –> muscle –> organ –> organ system
Give an example of a specialised cell
red blood cell
what is specialisation ?
a cell which has a specific shape or structure which allows them to carry out a specific functions
what are the two types of stem cell ?
embryonic stem cells and tissue stem cells
what can stem cells do which makes them unique ?
self renewing or have potential to become different types of cell
name to processes that stem cells are involved in
skin transplants or to cure diseases
what two processes require new cells from mitosis ?
growth and repair
what is the function of the cerebellum ?
balance and coordination
what is the function of the cerebrum ?
conscious thought and memory
what is the function of the medulla ?
heart rate and breathing
what does the cerebellum look like ?
large leaf like shape, at the back
what does the cerebrum look like ?
main part of the brain large and at the front
what does the medulla look like ?
a short stick at the front and in front of the cerebrum
what are the two components of the nervous system ?
brain and spinal cord
what are the two components of the CNS ?
nervous system and other nerves
what is the function of the sensory neuron ?
pass information to the CNS
what is the function of the inter neuron ?
operate within the CNS
what is the function of the motor neuron ?
enable a response at the effector
what is the function of a reflex arc ?
to protect the body from harm
what is a receptor ?
it detects sensory stimuli
what is an effector ?
something that produce a response to a detected stimulus
what is an example of a rapid action or slower response ?
RA- muscle
SR- gland
what carries messages along neurons ?
electrical impulses
what is the gap between neurons called and how do messages transfer between neurons ?
synapse and chemicals
what is a target tissue ?
where the hormones has its effect it has special receptors on their surface
what molecule stores glucose in the body ? where is it stored ?
glycogen, liver
how does insulin control blood glucose levels ?
pancreas decreases blood sugar levels when they get to high (like after eating) by producing insulin, this activates an enzyme which converts glucose into glycogen
how does glucagon control blood glucose levels ?
pancreas increases blood sugar levels when they get to low (after fasting) by producing glucagon, this activates an enzyme which converts glycogen into glucose
what kind of glands release hormones ? what is this organ ?
endocrine glands in pancreas
how do hormones travel around the body ?
blood stream
what is a hormone ?
chemical messenger to send messages from one part of the body from another
what is a gamete ?
an organs reproductive cells. IT IS HAPLOID
what is haploid ?
one set of chromosomes
what is diploid ?
two sets of chromosomes
what is fertilisation ?
the fusion of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote which divides to from an embryo
what is the male gamete in plants and where is it produced ?
pollen and produced in the anther
what is the female gamete in plants and where is it produced ?
ovule in the ovary
what is the male gamete in animals and where is it produced ?
sperm in the testes
what is the female gamete in animals and where is it produced ?
egg in the ovaries
specialisations of the sperm and egg to perform its function
S- tail to swim
E- yolk to provided food store for new cell
