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NAT 5 Biology > Multicelluar Organisms > Flashcards

Multicelluar Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main parts of a short term memory and their functions?

A

Chunking - grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit
Limited capacity - magical number 7 plus or minus 2
Limited duration - about 20 seconds without rehearsal
Rehearsal- the process of repetitively verbalising or thinking about the information

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2
Q

What is a Neuron?

A

A nerve cell

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3
Q

How is information passed through the body?

A

By electrical impulses which carry messages along the neurons

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4
Q

What is the function of the sensory neuron?

A

It receives information from the receptor (the sense organ) and passes the information to the CNS (Central Neuron System)

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5
Q

What are the three main parts to the brain?

A

Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Medulla

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6
Q

Name two functions of the cerebrum ?

A

Memories are stored here

Control of personality

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7
Q

What are the functions of the Medulla?

A

Controls the heart rate

Controls breathing rate

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8
Q

Whats the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls balance and muscular coordination

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9
Q

What is the function of the inter Neuron?

A

Transfers information within the CNS (brain and spinal cord) receives information from the sensory Neuron then passes information to the motor Neuron

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10
Q

What is the function of the motor Neuron?

A

Receives information from the CNS, passes the information to effectors which produces a response.

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11
Q

What is an effector?

A

An effector is a part of the body that produces the response. Effectors can either be:
Muscles contracting (rapid response)
Glands which produce hormones (slow response)

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12
Q

What are synapses?

A

Neurons are separated by gaps called synapse. Messages are transferred between neurons at synapses and trigger an electrical impulse in the next neuron.

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13
Q

What is mRNA?

A

mRNA is a messenger RNA

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14
Q

What is the process for mRNA from the nucleus to the ribosomes?

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus with a copy if the gene to the ribosomes and the ribosomes makes amino acids

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15
Q

What is chromosomes made up of?

A

They are made up of genes in a threadlike structure and it’s found in the nucleus

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16
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

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17
Q

What are the complementary base pairings?

A

A - T

G - C

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18
Q

What does the sequence of bases determine?

A

It determines the subunits that are joined together

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19
Q

What is a chromosome?

A
  • A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism
  • A lot of DNA together
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20
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA

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21
Q

What is DNA?

A

A set of instructions that you, you

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22
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

They are found in the nucleus of our cells, they are made up of genes

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23
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a short section of DNA. Each gene codes for a specific protein and are passed on to us from our parents

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24
Q

Name one type of protein?

A

Insulin

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25
Q

What characteristics does bacteria have to allow them to pass plasmid?

A

They have loops of plasmids that can be passed on by being in contact with another bacterial cell

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26
Q

What is Genetic engineering?

A

It’s the transfer of DNA from one organism to another using technology

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27
Q

How can DNA be transferred?

A

They can be transferred naturally between cells either by bacterial plasmids and viruses

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28
Q

How can genetic information be transferred?

A

From one cell to another by genetic engineering

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29
Q

What is a vector?

A

Is a plasmid that’s used to transfer genetic material from a donor to a recipient

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30
Q

What features of a plant cell are not found in an animal cell?

A
  1. Cell Wall
  2. Chloroplast
  3. Vacuole
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31
Q

In mammals what does the blood contain?

A

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

32
Q

What is the main function of the red blood cells?

A

It transports oxygen around the body

33
Q

What are the features of a red blood cells?

A

Biconcave
No nucleus
Contain haemoglobin

34
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

It’s a protein that oxygen attaches itself to

35
Q

When haemoglobin and oxygen combine what is formed?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

36
Q

What oxygen concentration is needed for oxyhemoglobin to form?

A

High

37
Q

White blood cells are part of the immune system and are involved in destroying pathogens.

What are the two main types of cells involved in destroying pathogens?

A

Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

38
Q

How does phagocytes carry phagocytosis?

A

By engulfing phatogens

39
Q

What does some lymphocytes produce?

A

Antibodies

40
Q

Are each antibodies specific to a particular pathogen?

A

Yes

41
Q

How many types of blood vessels does the body have?

A

3

42
Q

Name the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries (fat)
Capillaries (one cell thick)
Veins (thin and has valves)

43
Q

What does the Arteries do?

A

Carry blood under high pressure away from the heart

44
Q

What are the features of the arteries?

A

They have think muscular wall and a narrow central channel

45
Q

What does the veins do?

A

Carry blood under low pressure back towards the heart

46
Q

What are the features of the veins?

A

They have wider central channel a thin muscular wall and valve

47
Q

What are the uses of valves?

A

They prevent the back flow of blood

48
Q

What are the functions of the capillaries?

A

This is where the exchange of materials (oxygen, nutrients and carbon dioxide) occur

49
Q

What is the structure of the capillaries?

A

Their walls are very thin to allow substances to easily and quickly diffuse, or pass through them.

50
Q

In genetic engineering what is required throughout the process?

A

Enzymes

51
Q

What is the process of inserting insulin into bacterial cell?

A

One enzyme is used like “scissors” to cut out the desired gene from the human cell and open up the plasmid from the bacteria cell. Another enzyme is used like “glue” to seal the required gene into the plasmid. And then the new plasmid is put into the bacterial cell and then mitosis happens

52
Q

What are some useful products that can be made by genetic engineering?

A

Insulin
Factor VIII
Human Growth Hormone
(These are all protein hormone)

53
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone made by pancreas cells which controls levels of glucose in blood

54
Q

What is Factor VIII?

A

A chemical present in blood required for clotting of wounds

55
Q

What is human growth hormone?

A

A hormone made by cells in the pituitary gland which is essential during childhood and adolescence for growth and development

56
Q

What are sub units in a whole protein made up of?

A

A sub units of a whole protein is made up of amino acids

57
Q

Why does each protein vary in shape and function?

A

This is because of the different sequence of amino acids

58
Q

What are the sub units if DNA?

A

A - T

G - C

59
Q

How many different types if amino acids are there?

A

20

60
Q

What are the protein groups?

A 
Structural units 
Enzymes 
Hormones
Antibodies 
Receptors
61
Q

What is an example of of a hormone?

A

Amylase

Catalase

62
Q

What is the function of hormones?

A

Carry specific messages in the blood stream of living organisms

63
Q

What is the terminology used for identifying the strong and weak genes?

A

Dominant and Recessive

64
Q

What is the function of structural units?

A

Give strength and support to the cellular structures

65
Q

What is the function of an enzyme?

A

It acts as a biological catalyst to speed up biological reaction in a cell and remains unchanged once the reaction is completed

66
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Provide specific defences against body invaders such as certain bacteria and viruses

67
Q

What is an example of an enzyme?

A

Keratin

Collagen

68
Q

What is the function of a receptor?

A

Allows cells to recognise specific substances

69
Q

What is an example of receptors?

A

Sensory and pain

70
Q

How many enzymes works on one reaction?

A

1

71
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substance an enzyme works on

72
Q

Fact

A

All enzymes are protein BUT not all proteins are enzymes

73
Q

What is the name given to the break down of a molecule?

A

Degradation

74
Q

What is the name given to the build up of a molecule?

A

Synthesis

75
Q

What enzyme takes part in a synthesis reaction?

A

Phosphorylase

NAT 5 Biology (2 decks)

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