Multi - Store Memory Model (MSM) Flashcards
The Multi - Store Memory Model
Sensory Register
Main Stores
Capacity Size
Information Transfer
Iconic and echoic
High capacity
To transfer information to the STM you must pay attention to it
The Multi - Store Memory Model
Short Term Memory
Capacity Average Recall Coding Duration How to maintain and transfer information
Limited capacity
Average is between 5 and 9 (7+or-2) but usually 5
Coded acoustically
Lasts for 30 seconds unless rehearsed
We keep information in the STM by maintenance rehearsal and in order to transfer it to LTM elaborated rehearsal is necessary.
The Multi - Store Memory Model
Long Term Memory
Capacity
Duration
Coding
How to recall information
Unlimited capacity
Potentially permanent memory store
Coded semantically
When recalling information it has to be transferred back to the STM by a process called ‘retrieval’
Multi - Store Memory Model
Research Conducted
Sperling (1960)
Presented a grid of ….. for less than a ……
People recalled on average ….. letters
Used partial ………… techniques
Showed that the ……….. can hold up to ….. items but these …… before we can report them
Presented a grid of letters for less than a second
People recalled on average 4 letters
Used partial self-report techniques
Showed that the iconic memory can hold up to 10 items but these decay before we can report them
The Multi - Store Memory Model
Research Conducted
Conrad (1964)
Presented students with …….. at a time
Found that words that ……. ……. are harder to recall than words that aren’t acoustically similar (non-rhyming)
This suggests that the ….. mainly encodes things …….
Presented students with one word at a time
Found that words that acoustically similar are harder to recall than words that aren’t acoustically similar (non-rhyming)
This suggests that the STM mainly encodes things acoustically
Multi - Store Memory Model
Research Conducted
Miller (1956)
The …… can hold the magic number ……
Chunking - Making information …… through organisation of knowledge from the …….
The STM can hold the magic number 7+-2
Chunking - Making information meaningful through organisation of knowledge from the LTM
The Multi - Store Memory Model
Research Conducted
Bahrick(1975)
Showed participants their …… …… years later
90% accuracy for remembering …… and …… 34 years after graduation
….. after 48 years, particularly for …..
Showed participants their classmate’s photos years later
90% accuracy for remembers names and faces 34 years after graduation
Declined after 48 years, particularly for faces
The Multi - Store Memory Model
Research Conducted
Peterson&Peterson
Made students recall a combination of …….. and ……. after long intervals
Recall got progressively …… as the delay ……
Found that our STM fades in under …. seconds if it’s not …….
Made students recall a combination of 3 numbers and letters after long intervals
Recall got progressively worse as the delay increased
Found that our STM fades in under 30 seconds if it’s not rehearsed
Multi - Store Memory Model
Research Conducted
Baddeley(1966)
Presented lists of ….. …… words at a time
One list was …….. similar, the other wasn’t
They were tested immediately and then again after ….. minutes
Found that after 20 minutes they did …… on the semantically similar words
This suggests that we encode LTMs …….. We get …….. meaning words confused
LTM is …….. semantically
Presented lists of 10 short words at a time
One list was semantically similar, the other wasn’t
They were tested immediately and then again after 20 minutes
Found that after 20 minutes they did poorly on the semantically similar words
This suggests that we encode LTMs semantically. We get similar meaning words confused
LTM is encoded semantically
Multi - Store Memory Model
Research Conducted
Glazer&Cuntitz
Read out ……… to participants
Asked them to recall ….. ….. as possible
Founds that participants recalled more from the ….. and ….. of the list
Supports the idea of there being a ….. ….. for an LTM and STM because the words at the start are in the …… and the words from the end are in the ……
Read out a list of words to participants
Asked them to recall as many as possible
Founds that participants recalled more from the start and end of the list
Supports the idea of there being a separate store for an LTM and STM because the words at the start are in the LTM and the words from the end are in the STM
Multi - Store Memory Model
Case Study Evidence
H.M
How was his epilepsy cured?
Lost the ability to?
He could repeat lists of words and numbers ….. heard
He was aware of what had happened …. but couldn’t update ….
He was …… with no ….. to look forward to
Cured his epilepsy by removing his memory
He lost the ability to encode new memories
He could repeat lists of numbers recently heard
He was aware of what had happened about a minute ago but couldn’t update LTM
He was stuck in the present and past with no future to look forward to
Multi - Store Memory Model
Case Study Evidence
K.F
Had a ….. accident
An extremely poor ….. of 1-2 digits and a ….. effect of 1 item
K.f’s deficit in STM was only for ….. information but has STM for visual and acoustic material was normal
Supports that ………
Had a motor cycle accident
Had an extremely poor STM of 1-2 digits and a recency effect of 1 item
K.F’s deficit in STM was only for verbal information but has STM for visual and acoustic information was normal
Supports that there are separate stores in the STM
Multi - Store Memory Model
Case Study Evidence
Brain Scanning
MRIs show ……
The pre-frontal lobes are active when using your ….. or making ……
These findings back up the existence of …
MRIs show which parts of your brain are active
The pre-frontal lobes are active when using your STM to make a decision
These findings back up the existence of different stores for memories
Multi - Store Memory Model
Evaluation
Proves that the LTM and STM have separate stores (Case study)
Proves that the LTM and STM have separate stores (K.F)
Multi - Store Memory Model
Evaluation
It was an …. model and psychologists still find it useful
It was an early model and psychologists still find it useful
Multi - Store Memory Model
Evaluation
What matters about rehearsal is the …… Maintenance rehearsal doesn’t ….. information, only ….. rehearsal achieves this. (C&W)
What matters about rehearsal is the type. Maintenance rehearsal doesn’t transfer information, only elaborate rehearsal achieves this. (Craig&Watkins)
Multi - Store Memory Model
Evaluation
Over-emphasis on the ……. of the MSM. There is a two way …. of information between the … and ….
Over emphasis on the one direction of the MSM, There is a two way flow of information between the LTM and STM
Multi - Store Memory Model
Evaluation
T…. proposed that there are three memory stores, ….. (right hemisphere), …… (left hemisphere), and …… (cerebellum)
Tulving proposed that there are 3 memory stores, episodic (right hemisphere), semantic (left) and procedural (cerebellum)
Multi - Store Memory Model
Long Term Memory
Episodic Memory
Memories of …… events. Memories from here must be retrieved …….. and ………..effort
Episodic - A memory store for personal events. Memories from here must be retrieved consciously and with effort
Multi - Store Memory Model
Long Term Memory
Semantic Memory
Memories of ….. and our knowledge of what words and …… mean. Memories must be retrieved …….
A memory store of facts and our knowledge of what words and concepts mean. Memories must be retrieved deliberately
Multi - Store Memory Model
Long Term Memory
Procedural Memory
Memories of …… skills, ……. retrieved
Memories of learned skills, unconsciously retrieved
