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Psya01 > Mtuner 4 > Flashcards

Mtuner 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the default mode network?740

A

It’s a network of brain regions that are active when a person is paying attention to internal thought.

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2
Q

What is considered to be one of the disadvantages to being bilingual in children?

A

Bilingual children have a smaller vocabulary in each language.

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3
Q

Aphasia

A

is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write.

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4
Q

The fast mapping capacity of human children seem to provide a possible explanation for what?

A

Naming explosion
that leads to large increases in their spoken vocabulary. Although 18 months is a common age for this increase, it can occur in children between the ages of 15 and 24 months.

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5
Q

haptics

A

is any form of interaction involving touch

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6
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Kinesthesis, also referred to as kinesthesia, is the perception of body movements. It involves being able to detect changes in body position and movements without relying on information from the five senses.

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7
Q

Nociception

A

is the activity of nerve pathways that respond to uncomfortable stimulation. Nerve endings called nociceptors initiate pain messages that travel to the central nervous system

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8
Q

Avalibity heuristic

A

As images of the planes crashing into the World Trade Center were more easily available immediately following the attacks, people chose to travel by car rather than plane.

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9
Q

The FOXP2 gene likely plays a role in what?

A

Likely plays a role in one of the components of language

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10
Q

What is one of the criticisms in research using language-trained primates?

A

Humans communicate via phrase-based syntax but language-trained primates are studied using symbols

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11
Q

Attempting to solve a problem by using the same routine approach even though the same approach will not work can be defined as what?

A

Mental set is defined as when a person attempts to solve a new problem with the same cognitive routine.

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12
Q

After the 1800’s it became acceptable for psychologists to study human behaviour. This change in time- and culture-bound beliefs reflects a new ___.

A

zeitgeist is bliefs

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13
Q

Neuroimaging studies have shown that people respond to facts that minimize negative emotions and enhance positive emotions. What does this provide support for?

A

comfination bias

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14
Q

How the Human Genome Project can help with behvavioural genomics?

A

The Human Genome Project itself did not directly provide a cure for a disease or an understanding of any particular behaviour. Researchers can now compare the genotypes of different groups of people (e.g., depressed and non-depressed individuals) to look for differences that might shed light on the cause of different conditions.

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15
Q

Jane realizes that she has lost her wallet after coming back from her grandparents’ house. She decides to call her grandparents first instead of calling the cab that she took home. This best represents what problem-solving technique?

A

herusitic

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16
Q

Approximately how many different phonemes do the human vocal cords have the ability to produce?

A

200

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17
Q

What do researchers typically use to understand the “big picture” portrayed by research results?

A

Descriptive statistics are used by researchers to understand the “big picture” portrayed by research results.

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18
Q

When a person finds an object that could be used to solve a problem and the only solution they can think of is the most obvious function of the object, what term best describes this?

A

Functional fixedness best describes this.

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19
Q

When a person finds an object that could be used to solve a problem and the only solution they can think of is the most obvious function of the object, what term best describes this?

A

Functional fixedness best describes this.

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20
Q

Memory recall is primarily influenced by:

A

Effective memory retrieval depends greatly on how the memory is stored, e.g., it is much easier to recall a memory stored with structure and context than one without.

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21
Q

Damage to which area of the brain causes locked-in syndrome?

A

Damage to the pons is the most frequent cause of locked-in syndrome.

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22
Q

the pons

A

Besides the medulla oblongata, your brainstem also has a structure called the pons. The pons is a major structure in the upper part of your brainstem. It is involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance.

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23
Q

The medulla

A

The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation.

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24
Q

Frontal lone

A

You use your frontal lobe nearly everyday. You use it to make decisions, such as what to eat or drink for breakfast in the morning, as well as for thinking or studying for a test. The frontal lobe is also where our personality is formed and where we can carry out higher mental processes such as planning. In addition, the frontal …

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25
Q

midbrain

A

The midbrain or mesencephalon (from the Greek mesos, middle, and enkephalos, brain) is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

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26
Q

Dr. Bob, in order to test the reliability of a new questionnaire that he developed, wants to administer it to a group of participants once next week and then in 6 months. What form of reliability is he assessing?

A

Test-retest reliability assesses whether the observations obtained across different time points are similar.

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27
Q

______ suggests that humans are composed exclusively of physical matter; whereas _____ that humans have material and non-material (i.e., mind or soul) components

A

Materialism is the belief that humans are composed exclusively of physical matter (e.g., just a body) but dualism suggests that we have a mind or a soul that is separate from our physical body.

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28
Q

What form of reliability is most crucial when assessing non-verbal behavior of participants through observation?

A

Inter-rater reliability ensures that experimenters that rate a given observation agree on the measurements that were taken.

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29
Q

what is animism

A

Animism was the belief that all objects had souls and that the everything in the world was composed of one of the four elements (earth, air, water, fire). It was believed that objects of similar elements wanted to be together and this explained observable phenomenon. For example, water wants to be with water and that’s why rain falls down from the sky because it wants to rejoin the water in rivers.

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30
Q

what is empericism

A

Empiricism is the tenet that knowledge comes through experience. From a scientific perspective it means that knowledge about the world is based on careful observation as opposed to speculations.

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31
Q

What is a main problem associated with naturalistic observation?

A

The mere presence of the observer may change the behavior that is being observed during naturalistic observation.

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32
Q

scientific method

A

The scientific method is a way of learning about the world through collecting observations, developing theories to explain them, and using theories to predict them. These individuals do not have any theories or hypotheses to inform their experiments.

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33
Q

validity

A

an instrument which measures what it claims to measure

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34
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

The behavior change that occurs as a result of being observed is refereed to as the Hawthorne effect.

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35
Q

determinism

A

the belief of all events is governed by cause and effect rather than free will

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36
Q

determinism

A

the belief of all events is governed by cause and effect rather than free will

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37
Q

Hippocrates believed that ____ were the result of combining different levels of the four different ____.

A

termperants from humors

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38
Q

Konstantine is listening to his friend talk about how having a pet cat during childhood increases their risk of developing schizophrenia. He is curious, but skeptical and considered the merit of he is hearing as well as the merit of his own assumptions and beliefs about schizophrenia. What element of scientific literacy is Konstantine demonstrating?

A

Critical thinking involves exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others and with our own assumptions and beliefs.

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39
Q

What does it mean to say that an instrument produces messy measurements?

A

unreliabl

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40
Q

what is gerneralizibility

A

if something can be applied to other things

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41
Q

Saad understands every key term in his introduction to psychology textbook. In order to demonstrate a high level of scientific literacy he would also have to show that that he is able to analyze and ___ scientific information.

A

Scientific literacy is the ability to understand, analyze, and apply scientific information.

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42
Q

What is the foundation of scientific methodology?

A

objective measurements

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43
Q
  1. The use of the scientific method to study behaviour thoughts, and experiences is known as _____.
A

psychology

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44
Q

A news report describes anxiety as a disorder which stems from increased cortisol levels, low self-esteem, and social isolation. This news report has discussed a(n) ___ model.

A

A biopsychosocial model explains behaviour as a product of biological (e.g., chemicals, hormones), psychological (e.g., emotions, personalities), and social (e.g., culture, family, peers) factors.

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45
Q

What is an operational definition in the context of research?

A

Operational definitions are statements that describe how an observation is recorded.

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46
Q

a theory vs hypothesis

A

A theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations; whereas a hypothesis is a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measure.

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47
Q

The principle of ______ suggests that simplest of all competing explanations should be the one that we accept

A

The principle of parsimony means that things should be interpreted with the simplest scientific evidence that fits the evidence.

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48
Q

why ar esuper tasters different

A

Some of the individual differences in taste sensitivity may be due to the number of taste buds found on the tongue. Supertasters have many more taste buds than the average person.

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49
Q

ecological vallidity

A

meaning that the results of a lab stuy can be appied to or repeated in the natural environment

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50
Q

demand charectheristics

A

are information about the participants should behave by the emperimenter or exeprimenter context

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51
Q

social desirebility

A

means that research participants respone in ways that increase that will have them viewed favorably

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52
Q

single blind study

A

participents dont know the true purpose of the study

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53
Q

double blind

A

neither pariticpent or participent knows the exact treatment for any individual

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54
Q

double blind

A

neither pariticpent or participent knows the exact treatment for any individual

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55
Q

within subjects design

A

an experimental design in which the same participents all respond to all types of stimuli or experimental condtions

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56
Q

quasi experimental

A

is a research technique in which two or more groups are compapred are selected based on a predetermined cahteristics rather than random assignment

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57
Q

third variable

A

lurking variable

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58
Q

scientifi c misconduct

A

changing data

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59
Q

negatively skewd distribution

A

the curve has an extended tail to the left cluster,

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60
Q

positively skewed

A

distribution long tail which is on the right of theclusters

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61
Q

hypothesis test

A

a statistical method of evaluating whether difference among groups are meaningful, or could been arrived at chance alone

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62
Q

p value

A

lower p value mean lower chanfe of occurence of results being based off chance alone

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63
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism. Unique to each individual

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64
Q

phenotype

A

physical type or behavioural charectheristics such as eye color shape or even personality

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65
Q

chromosomes

A

structures lined with all genes an individual inherits

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66
Q

trisomony

A

down syndrome

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67
Q

homozygous

A

the same TT

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68
Q

heterozygous

A

differnt genes Tt

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69
Q

behavioural genomics

A

the study of DNA and the ways in which specific genes are related to behaviour

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70
Q

bahvioral genetics

A

how genes and environment influece behavior

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71
Q

monozygotic vs dizygotic

A

one or multiple eggs

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72
Q

heritiability

A

influence of gene to create individual difference. Eg if having a mole on right arm is 50% genetic 50% of individual differences within the populat was due to tgenetic factors

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73
Q

intrasexual selecton

A

a situation which memebers of same sex compete to win the mate of the opposite sex

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74
Q

intersexual selection

A

memebrs of one sex select a mating partner based off desireable trate

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75
Q

for a trait to evolve it must be

A

adaptive

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76
Q

neurons

A

are a major type of cell found in the nervous system: sends and receives messages

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77
Q

cell body

A

aka soma holds nucleus

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78
Q

dendrites

A

recieve messages from other cells

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79
Q

axon

A

transports information from the cell body to the end of the neuron

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80
Q

neurotransmitters

A

a chemical that functions as messengers allowing neurons to communicate with each other

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81
Q

glial cells

A

specialized cells mounting immune responses in teh brain, removing waste and synchronizing the neurvous activity. outnumber neurons by 10 t one

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82
Q

myelin

A

fatty sheath of insulates axons from one and another, results in increased speed and eficency in communication. also preserves the signal, speeds up the transfer

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83
Q

ms

A

when immune system attcks myelin

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84
Q

resting potential

A

stable state during which the cell is not transmitting messages: around 70 mV

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85
Q

electrostatic and concentration gradient

A

electrostate gradient is the outside and inside have differnt charges, the concentration gradient means that different types of ions are more densely packed on one side of membrane than the other.

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86
Q

action potential

A

a wave of electrical activity that orginates at the base of the axon and rapidly traves down its length

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87
Q

refractory period

A

where neuron cannot fire

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88
Q

synapses

A

the microscopically small spaces the seperate nerve ells

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89
Q

all or none prpincipal

A

nerve cells always fire at teh same strength

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90
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the minute space between the axon terminal and the dendrite

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91
Q

reuptake

A

a process whereby the neurotransmitter molecules are reabsorbed into the axon terminals of the presynpatic neuron

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92
Q

glutamate

A

is most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brains vertabras.

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93
Q

GABA

A

is inhibitory neurotransmitory preventing aciton potentions

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94
Q

acetylohole

A

movement and attention

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95
Q

dopamine

A

control of movement, reward seeking, cognition and attention

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96
Q

norepinephrine

A

memory attention to new or important stimuli, regulation of sleep and mood

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97
Q

serotonin

A

regulation of sleep, appetite and mood

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98
Q

agonistss

A

drugs that enhance or mimic the effects of a neuortransmitters action

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99
Q

antagonists

A

inhibits neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors or preventing synthesis of neurotransmitters

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100
Q

hormones

A

chemicals secreted by glans of the endocrine system

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101
Q

hypothalmus

A

regulates biological needs and motivational systems

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102
Q

pituary gland

A

master gland of endocrine that effects hormone production

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103
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands located adjacent to kidneys that stress hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine

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104
Q

endorphin

A

hormone produced by pituitary gland and hypothalmus that functions to reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure. SEX, strenuous activity, or injury

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105
Q

testosterone

A

is a hormone that serves multiple functions driving physical and sexual deelopment. surging during sex and threats. Testosterone is correlated with more aggresive feeling and thoughts but not caused by it

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106
Q

Central nervous sytem

A

consists of brain and spinal cord

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107
Q

peripheral nervous sytem

A

neurvous sytems aht transmits singals between the brain and the rest of the body is dividide into autonomic and somatic.

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108
Q

somatic

A

nerves that control muscles nerves and impulses. any voluntary movement

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109
Q

autonomic

A

regulating organs and glands breathing etc

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110
Q

sympathetic nervoussytems

A

flight and fight response, hearth rate, dialated pupils and decreased salivary flow

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111
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

maintains homeostatic balance in the prescence of change, works to return to ta baseline, nonemergency state

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5
Perfectly
112
Q

brainstem

A

which the stem or bottom of the brain consistes of two structures: medulla and pons.

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113
Q

medulla

A

perform basic functions such as heartrate breathing and bp

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114
Q

pons

A

wakefullness and dreaming

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115
Q

hindbrain: brainstem

A

breathing, hr, sleep, wakefullness,

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116
Q

hindbrain: brainstem

A

balance, coordination, timing of movements, attention and emotion

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117
Q

midbrain: superior colliculus

A

orienting visual attention

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118
Q

Mid:brain inferior colliculus

A

orienting auditory attention

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119
Q

Forebrain:basal ganglia

A

movement, reward processing

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120
Q

Forebrain:amygdala

A

emotion

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121
Q

Forebrain:hippocampus

A

memory

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122
Q

Forebrain:hypothalamus

A

temperture regulation, motivation(hunger, thirst, sex)

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123
Q

Forebrain:thanlmus

A

sensory relay

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124
Q

Cerebral cortex:frontal lobe

A

thought, planning, language, movement

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125
Q

Cerebral cortex:parietal lobe

A

sensory processing, bodilly awareness

126
Q

Cerebral cortex:occipital lobe

A

visaul processing

127
Q

Cerebral cortex:temporal lobe

A

hearing, object recognition, language, emotion

128
Q

cerebellum

A

little brain, monitors movement, mainting balance, attention, and emotonal responses.

129
Q

midbrain

A

relay area

130
Q

forebrain

A

visually obvious consists of folds and grooves. Emotion, mmeoyr, thinking, and reasoning

131
Q

basal ganglia

A

planned movemnts, skill learning, and intergrating sensory and movement info with the brains reward system

132
Q

limbic system

A

an integrated netowrk involvved in emoetion and memory

133
Q

amygdala

A

facilitates memory formations for emotional events meditates fear

134
Q

occipital lobes

A

visual info is processed

135
Q

parital lobes

A

involved in our experients of touch as well our bodily awareness

136
Q

temporal lobes

A

sides of brain and do hearing and higher level vision such as recognition

137
Q

frontal lobes

A

planning, regulating impulses emotion, language production, and voluntary movement

138
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

higher-order cognitive functions such as

decision making and controlling our attention.

139
Q

hemispheric specialization

A

right arty and visual spatial left is language and math

140
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the
capacity of the brain to change and rewire itself based on individual
experience.

141
Q

leisioning

A

intentionally damage area to see whhat changes

142
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

electromagnetic pulse is sent

143
Q

control in lesion study

A

sham group

144
Q

structural neuroimaging

A

type of brain scanning that produces images of differnt structures

145
Q

CT scan computerized tomography

A

x rays are sent through the brain by a tube that rotates around the head

146
Q

MRi

A

technique in which clear images based on how energy abosrbs

147
Q

Diffusion tensor imagin

A

measures whitematter pathways

148
Q

perception

A

organizing information

149
Q

transduction

A

receptors transform the physical energy of the outside world into neural impulses

150
Q

transduction

A

receptors transform the physical energy of the outside world into neural impulses

151
Q

sensory adaptation

A

reduction of activity in sensory re

152
Q

What is sensory perception?

A

The primary auditory cortex is situated in the temporal lobe. Interestingly the auditory cortices in the two hemispheres of the brain are not equally sensitive, and the right hemisphere is able to detect small changes in pitch than the left.

153
Q

basal ganglia

A

The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or “habits” such as teeth grinding, eye movements, cognition,[1] and emotion.[2]

154
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. Normally there are four main types in glabrous mammalian skin: lamellar corpuscles, tactile corpuscles, Merkel nerve endings, and bulbous corpuscles.

155
Q

johannes muller

A

doctrine of specific nerve enegies

156
Q

absolute thresholds

A

minimum of enegy or quantity for stimuli to be reliabily detected atleast 50% of the time

157
Q

differnce threshold

A

smallest difference that can be detected a change

158
Q

signal detection theory

A

states whether stimuli is percieved based off sensory experience and judgement

159
Q

psychophysics

A

study of how physical events relate to psychological perceptions

160
Q

Is it reasonable to conclude that subliminal messages

have a strong effect on behaviour?

A

No, although research shows they might have mild

effects.

161
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

whole> parts when percieving

162
Q

proximity and similarity

A

proximity, objects close to each other are grouped, similarity is when similar objects

163
Q

continuity

A

objects are continuous that randomly chancing

164
Q

closure

A

filling in gaps of perception

165
Q

top down processing

A

perceptions from expectations or prior knowledge

166
Q

bottom up processing

A

individual bits of sensory information

167
Q

selective attention

A

focussing on a single thing

168
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to see something because they are focussing on something else: gorilla in basketball

169
Q

sclera

A

white outer surface of the ey

170
Q

cornea

A

clear layerthat covers the front portion of the eye and also contributes to the eyes ability to focus

171
Q

pupil

A

regulates the light

172
Q

iris

A

round muscle that adjusts the pupil and gives eyes the color

173
Q

lens

A

focuses light

174
Q

retina

A

lines inner surface of the eye and consists of specialized receptors that absorb light and send info to light

175
Q

optic nerve

A

eye fibres that connect to brain

176
Q

optic disc

A

blind spot

177
Q

rods

A

are photoreceptors that are sensetive to low light

178
Q

cones

A

senseitive to different wavelengths

179
Q

fovea

A

central region of retina

180
Q

opponent process theory

A

percieve colors in terms of opposite pairs

181
Q

perceptual constancy

A

objects have constant shapre size and color

182
Q

binocular depth cues

A

distance ques based on differing percptives

183
Q

convergence

A

eye muscles contract so both eyes focus on same objecct

184
Q

retinal disparity

A

difference in position seen by eyes

185
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues based on one eye. based on accumodation

186
Q

motion parallax

A

close objects move faster than further ones “EG riding in a car looking out”

187
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to see faces

188
Q

in thalmus where optic nerves convge from r and l

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

189
Q

what proof that no area for facse

A

place it triggers is also the same as images of experitse

190
Q

cochlea

A

a fluid filled memebrain coiled in a snailike shape convert sound into neural inpulses 4.3

191
Q

sound localization

A

the process of identifying where

sound comes from

192
Q

place theory of hearing

A

how we perceive pitch is based on the

location (place) along the basilar membrane that sound stimulates, but does not apply to hair cells for lower freqs

193
Q

volley principl

A

A single
neuron cannot fi re more than 1000 times per second,
but a group of neurons could certainly accomplish this
feat. According to the volley principle, groups of neurons
fi re in alternating (hence the term “volley”) fashion.
A sound measuring 5000 Hz can be perceived because
groups of neurons fi re in rapid succession.

194
Q

volley principl

A

A single
neuron cannot fi re more than 1000 times per second,
but a group of neurons could certainly accomplish this
feat. According to the volley principle, groups of neurons
fi re in alternating (hence the term “volley”) fashion.
A sound measuring 5000 Hz can be perceived because
groups of neurons fi re in rapid succession.

195
Q

gate control theory

A

pain interection of nerves that inhibit these message

196
Q

phantom limb pain

A

nerve cells in cortex continue to be active despite

197
Q

mirror for therapy

A

to use enact visual appearance of having both limbs, reorganization of the somatosensory cortex

198
Q

gustatory system

A

functions in the sensation and perception of taste

199
Q

olfactory

system

A

is involved in smell—the detection of airborne particles

with specialized receptors located in the nose

200
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

a thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors

called cilia. receptor cells for smell

201
Q

multimodal integration

A

, the ability
to combine sensation from different modalities such as vision and
hearing into a single integrated perception.

202
Q

entrainment

A

synchronized to external cues such as light,

temperature, or even a clock

203
Q

endogenous

A

endogenous
rhythms, biological rhythms that are generated by our body
independent of external cues such as light.

204
Q

stage1

A

breathing bp hr decreasesting. theta waves

205
Q

stage2

A

sleep spindles

clusters of high-frequency but low-amplitude waves

206
Q

stage 3 sleep

A 
delta waves (large, looping waves that are
high-amplitude and low-frequency
207
Q

REM sleep

A

— a stage of sleep characterized
by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement,
and rapid eye movements ( REM).

208
Q

Which of the following is the most likely order of sleep

stages during the fi rst 90 minutes of a night of rest?

A

Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2-1-REM

209
Q

reserve and

protect hypothesis

A

suggests that two more adaptive functions
of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism
from harm

210
Q

sleep displacement

A

, occurs when an individual
is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although
she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual.

211
Q

Manifest content

A

the images and storylines
that we dream about. In many of our dreams, the manifest
content involves sexuality and aggression, forms of fufilment

212
Q

latent context

A

the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on

suppressed sexual or aggressive urges.

213
Q

activation– synthesis

hypothesis

A

suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating
from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons, a part of
the brain stem

214
Q

problem-solving theory

A

he theory that

thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping

215
Q

night terrors

A

intense bouts of panic and
arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened
emotional state

216
Q

restless legs syndrome

A

is a persistent feeling of
discomfort in the legs and the urge to continuously shift them
into diff erent positions

217
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking and othethings

218
Q

Narcolepsy

A

y is a disorder in which a person experiences

extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks.

219
Q

principles of sleep

A

. Use your bed for sleeping only, not for working or studying. (Sexual activity is an appropriate exception to the rule.)
2. Do not turn sleep into work. Putting effort into falling asleep generally leads to arousal instead of sleep.
3. Keep your clock out of sight. Watching the clock increases pressure to sleep and worries about getting enough sleep.
4. Get exercise early during the day. Exercise may not increase the amount of sleep, but it may help you sleep better. Exercising late in the day,
however, may leave you restless and aroused at bedtime.
5. Avoid substances that disrupt sleep. Such substances include caffeine (in coffee, tea, many soft drinks, and other sources), nicotine, and alcohol.
Illicit drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, and ecstasy also disrupt healthy sleep.
6. If you lie in bed worrying at night, schedule evening time to deal with stress. Write down your worries and stressors for approximately
30 minutes prior to bedtime.
7. If you continue to lie in bed without sleeping for 30 minutes, get up and do something else until you are about to fall asleep, and then return to
bed.
8. Get up at the same time every morning. Although this practice may lead to sleepiness the first day or two, eventually it helps set the daily rhythm.
9. If you still have problems sleeping after four weeks, consider seeing a sleep specialist to get tested for sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, or
other sleep problems that may require more specific interventions.

220
Q

hypnosis

A

procudure of inducing a heightend state of suggestibility

221
Q

ideomoto suggestions

A

specific actions

222
Q

challeng suggestions

A

lost the ability to do something

223
Q

cognitive perceptual suggestions

A

forget information or reduce brain

224
Q

Dissociation theory

A

explains hypnosis as a unique
state in which consciousness is divided into two parts: an
observer and a hidden observer (Hilgard, 1977, 1986).

225
Q

social-cognitive theory,

A

explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs

and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility

226
Q

Meditation

A

s any procedure that involves a shift in consciousness
to a state in which an individual is highly focused,
aware, and in control of mental processes.

227
Q

brain death

A

h, a condition
in which the brain, specifi cally including the brain stem, no
longer functions

228
Q

coma

A

is a state marked

by a complete loss of consciousness

229
Q

persistent

vegetative state,

A

e, a state of minimal to no
consciousness in which the patient’s eyes may be
open, and the individual will develop sleep–wake
cycles without clear signs of consciousness. The likelihood of recovery
from a vegetative state is time dependent. If a patient
emerges from this state within the first few months,
he or she could regain some form of consciousness.
In contrast, if symptoms do not improve after three
months, the patient is classifi ed as being in a permanent
vegetative state; the chances of recovery from that diagnosis
decrease sharply

230
Q 
minimally
conscious state (MCS
A

), a disordered state of consciousness
marked by the ability to show some behaviours that
suggest at least partial consciousness

231
Q

locked-in syndrome

A

a disorder in which the patient
is aware and awake but, because of an inability to move his
or her body, appears unconscious

232
Q

st effects

A

altering of neurtransmitters, preventing reuptake, blocking receptors, binding to receptors. Changes how we feel act think etc.

233
Q

drugs are more potent

A

takes time for body to associate drug with effect on body and brain

234
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

substances that aff ect

thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion

235
Q

Opiates

A

are drugs such
as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induce
extremely intense feelings of euphoria.

236
Q

drugs differ

A

Drugs can provide different subjective experiences

depending on the culture.

237
Q

Why are benzodiazepines believed to be safer than

barbiturates?

A

Barbiturates can inhibit the brain’s control of

breathing.

238
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning
that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was
originally caused by another stimulus
pavlovs dog bell

239
Q

unconditioned

stimulus (US)

A

is a stimulus that elicits a refl exive
response without learning.
foood

240
Q

unconditioned response

(UR

A

is a refl exive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned

stimulus

241
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

a onceneutral
stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response
because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned

242
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

is the learned

response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus

243
Q

Acquisition

A

is the
initial phase of learning in which a response
is established;

244
Q

Extinction

A

n is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response
when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no
longer occur togethe

245
Q

spontaneous

recovery

A

or the reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response

246
Q

generalization

A

n is a process in which a
response that originally occurs to a specifi c stimulus also occurs
to diff erent, though similar, stimuli.

247
Q

discrimination

A

which occurs when an organism learns to
respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that
may be similar to the original stimulus

248
Q

e conditioned

emotional responses

A

consist of emotional and physiological

responses that develop to a specifi c object or situation.

249
Q

preparedness

A

the
biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to
a particular class of stimuli. Snakes are high, lilys are low

250
Q

latent inhibitio

A

before it is paired with a US makes it less likely

that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

251
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of

learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences.

252
Q

reinforcement vs punishment

A

Reinforcement: this increases the chances of a behaviour
occurring again
• Punishment: this decreases the chances of a behaviour
occurring again
• Positive: this means that a stimulus is added to a
situation; positive can refer to reinforcement or
punishment
• Negative: this means that a stimulus is removed from
a situation; negative can refer to reinforcement or
punishment

253
Q

Avoidance learning

A

learning to avoid something

254
Q

escape

learning

A

occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is

already present

255
Q

negative punishment vs positive punishment

A

positive is a punishment given, negative punishment is removal of a privelige etc

256
Q

negative reinforcement vs positive reinforcement

A

positive is priase etc, negative is removal of neg stimuli

257
Q

reinforcement vs puishment

A

effect on behavior

258
Q

Primary

reinforcer

A

s consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic
motivational needs—needs that aff ect an individual’s ability to
survive (and, if possible, reproduce).

259
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

consist of stimuli that acquire their reinforcing eff ects only
after we learn that they have value

260
Q

discriminative

stimulus

A

a cue or event that indicates
that a response, if made, will be
reinforced. eg. if about to leave in shorts. weather is tis ds

261
Q

shaping

A

sperant response is created by

reinforcing successive approximations of that response

262
Q

schedules of reinforcement

A

continuous reinforcemen always, partial (intermittent) reinforcement only a
certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount
of time must pass before reinforcement is available
fixed-ratio schedule reinforcement is delivered
after a specifi c number of responses have been completed. variable-ratio schedule the number of responses
required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average

263
Q

fi xed-interval schedule

A

reinforces the fi rst

response occurring after a set amount of time passes

264
Q

variableinterval

schedul

A

in which the first response is reinforced

following a variable amount of time

265
Q

partial reinforcement eff ect

A

refers to a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned
under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than
those conditioned under continuous reinforcemen

266
Q

Contiguity

A

Punishment is most effective when it occurs immediately after the behaviour. Many convicted criminals are not
sentenced until many months after they have committed an offence. Children are given detention that may not begin
until hours later. Long delays in punishment are known to reduce its effectiveness

267
Q

Show alternatives

A

Punishment is more successful, and side effects are reduced, if the individual is clear on how reinforcement can be
obtained by engaging in appropriate behaviours.

268
Q

latent learning

A

learning that is
not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is
reinforced for doing so. EG rats with always food, or never food or is given food eventually. Eventual food is given shows learning was always happening

269
Q

SOR theory

A

stimulusorganism-response

270
Q

Observational learning

A

social learning

271
Q

classical categorization;

A

objects
or events are categorized according to a certain set of rules or
by a specific set of features—

272
Q

graded membership—

A

bservation
that some concepts appear to make better category members than
others

273
Q

Prototypes

A

s are mental representations of an average category member

274
Q

semantic network

A

an
interconnected set of nodes (or concepts) and the links that join
them to form a category (see Figure 8.3 ).

275
Q

inguistic relativity

(or the Whorfi an hypothesis

A

the theory that the

language we use determines how we understand the world.

276
Q

mental set

A

that occurs when an individual attempts to apply a routine solution
to what is actually a new type of problem

277
Q

representativeness heuristic:

A

: making judgments of

likelihood based on how well an example represents a specifi c category

278
Q

availability heuristic

A

entails estimating the frequency
of an event based on how easily examples of it come
to mind.

279
Q

anchoring eff ect

A

occurs when an individual
attempts to solve a problem involving numbers and uses
previous knowledge to keep (i.e., anchor ) the response within
a limited range.use of relevant numbers to solve problem

280
Q

belief perseverance,

A

when an individual believes he or she
has the solution to the problem or the correct answer for a question
and accepts
only evidence that will confi rm those beliefs

281
Q

confi rmation

bias o

A

occurs when an individual searches for only evidence that
will confi rm his or her beliefs instead of evidence that might
disconfi rm them

282
Q

Based on ________ , people judge something as more

likely if it strongly represents a specifi c category.

A

representativeness

283
Q

aphasia

A

a language disorder caused by damage to the brain

structures that support using and understanding language.

284
Q

Broca’s area

A

This region of the left frontal lobe that controls our ability
to articulate speech sounds that compose words is now known
as. failure to use and understand

285
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

is the area of the

brain most associated with fi nding the meaning of words. failure to understand meaning of words

286
Q

Phonemes

A

are the most basic of units of speech sounds

287
Q

Morphemes

A

are the smallest meaningful units of a language

288
Q

Semantics

A

is the study of how people come to understand

meaning from words.

289
Q

syntax

A

the rules
for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases
and sentenc

290
Q

pragmatics

A

is the study of nonlinguistic elements of language

use.

291
Q

fl outing

A

disobeying rules of language obviously to imply things

292
Q

crossfostered

A

, meaning that she was raised as a member of a family

that was not of the same species.

293
Q

FOXP2

A

can be mutated and causes them to be unable to process language poorly

294
Q

Which nonhuman species has had the greatest success

at learning a human language?

A

Bonobo chimpanzees

295
Q

what does it mean to be statistically significant

A

The means of the groups are further apart than what you would expect to see based on chance alone, if they are statistically significant.

296
Q

what is the law of common fate

A

The Gestalt law of common fate states that humans perceive visual elements that move in the same speed and/or direction as parts of a single stimulus.

297
Q

Jared, a man in his mid 60’s suffered a small stroke. Later, he returns to normal function but has difficulty perceiving faces. What part of Jared’s brain was likely damaged?

A

Fusiform face area

298
Q

EEG

A

EEG has excellent temporal resolution and it can tell us about the status of the brain (e.g., awake or asleep).

299
Q

testosterone

A

Testosterone appears to be involved with social aggression and dominance rather than with non-social forms of aggression such as hunting or responding to attacks.

300
Q

TMS

A

TMS involves targeting a magnetic field to a very specific region of the brain in order to stimulate that part of the brain.

301
Q

gustatory cortex.

A

food

302
Q

carl rogers and maslow

A

Carl Rogers developed a new perspective for psychology called Humanism which focuses on the unique aspects of each individual, their freedom to act, his or her rational thought, and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals. Both Rogers and Maslow believed that al humans are motivated to engage in personal growth and to fulfill their potential.

303
Q

monoamines vs non

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are all monoamines, while glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine are not. while others are not

304
Q

chaining

A

Chaining involves linking together two or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions.

305
Q

Hebb rule

A

who proposed that when a weak connection between neurons is stimulated at the same time as a strong connection, the weak connection becomes strengthened.

306
Q

alber bandura

A

Albert Bandura and colleagues conducted a series of studies, in which groups of children watched an adult or cartoon character attach a “Bobo” doll, while another group of children watched adults who did not attack the doll. Children who watched adults attack the doll did likewise when given the opportunity. The other group of children did not attack the doll.

307
Q

what parts contribute to not moving

A

The pons sends excitatory messages through the thalamus during wakefulness. During sleep however, the pons sends inhibitory signals to the spinal cord to prevent movement.

308
Q

Thorndike

A

proposed the law of effect, which is the idea that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again in the same situation whereas those that are not followed by satisfaction become less like

309
Q

eeg is good why

A

e correct answer is that distinct brain waves have been identified for stimuli detecting and analysis of language. Thus, EEG could be an additional method to help assess disorders of consciousness.

310
Q

drawback of fmri

A

The temporal resolution of fMRI is not as good as ERP or MEG.

311
Q

right frontal lobes

A

ty in the right frontal lobes is particularly sensitive to context as this region is known to be critical for the retrieval of memories.

Psya01 (6 decks)

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