MTE Flashcards
- Resist minor earthquakes without damage.
- Resist moderate earthquakes without structural damage but with some non-structural
damages. - Resist major earthquakes without collapse but with some structural damages as well as
non-structural damages.
PRINCIPLES OF SEISMIC DESIGN
process that includes strategies for designing earthquake-resistant buildings
to ensure the health, safety and security of building occupants and assets
SEISMIC DESIGN –
A. Provide tsunami warning system
B. Provide breakwaters and tsunami forests.
C. Make a proper orientation of the buildings to produce good water steering
D. Structures must be located on higher grounds
FOR TSUNAMI HAZARDS
A. Monitor possible slope failure
B. Apply soil nailing
C. Provide properly designed retaining walls or apply jet grouting.
FOR LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
For small areas:
A. Provide drainage wells
B. Apply horizontal compaction of soil by vibroflotation or jet grouting
C. If feasible, remove liquefiable layer
For large areas:
A. Avoid the site during site planning
FOR LIQUEFACTION HAZARDS
A. Follow the provisions set by the code about seismic design.
B. Prepare a well-detailed structural plans and make sure that everything is properly
implemented during construction.
FOR STRUCTURAL HAZARDS
Avoid sites which are near major fault lines during site planning
FOR GROUND SHAKING
the region below the lithosphere, variously estimated as being from fifty to several hundred
miles (eighty-five to several hundred kilometers) thick, in which the rock is less rigid than that
above and below but rigid enough to transmit transverse seismic waves. Rocks herein move in
fluid manner because of high temperature and pressure
ASTHENOSPHERE
occur when pressure deep within the lithosphere cause the earth’s
surface to buckle, bend and even split apart
FOLDING AND FAULTING
occur when pressure deep within the lithosphere cause the earth’s
surface to buckle, bend and even split apart
FOLDING AND FAULTING
when the earth’s crust is pushed up from its sides at a very slow rate. Fold mountains occur
where the crust is pushed up as plates collide which causes the crust to rise up in folds.
FOLDING
when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock
fracture or break apart. This process can occur very rapidly which causes the ground to shake
and vibrate resulting in earthquakes.
FAULTING
weak points in the earth’s crust and upper mantle where the rock layers have ruptured and
slipped.
FAULTS
cover the whole lithosphere which made up of rigid plates that move relative to each other.
The six major tectonic plates are: American, African, Eurasian, Pacific, India-Australian and
Antartican.
TECTONIC PLATES
a weak shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden displacement of
rocks below the earth’s surface.
EARTHQUAKE
caused by the sudden release of energy stored within the rocks along a fault.
The released energy is produced by the strain on the rocks due to movement of tectonic plates
TECTONIC
caused by an upward movement of magma under the volcano which fractures
rock masses and cause continuous tremors
VOLCANIC
increase the strain within the rocks near the
loacation of the activity so that rocks slip and slide along pre-existing faults more easily
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from
each other.
DIVERGENT
where crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another.
COVERGENT
where crust is neither produced nor destroyed as
the plates slide horizontally past each other
TRANSFORMATIONAL
are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth
SEISMIC WAVES
can travel
through the earth’s inner layers
Body waves
can only move along the surface of the
planet
surface waves
compressional waves are the fastest kind of seismic wave, and, consequently,
the first to ‘arrive’ at a seismic station
can move through solid rock and fluid. It
pushes and pulls the rock it moves through.
PRIMARY OR P- WAVES
is slower than a P wave and can only move through solid rock, not through any
liquid medium
move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side–perpindicular to the
direction that the wave is traveling in
is stronger than P wave
SECONDARY OR S-WAVES
The fastest surface wave and moves the ground from side-to-side. Confined to the surface of
the crust, _______ waves produce entirely horizontal motion
LOVE WAVES
rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. Because
it rolls, it moves the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the same direction that the wave
is moving. It is the slowest type of wave but often the most destructive
RAYLEIGH WAVES
To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, it takes to consider at least ______ stationed
seismograph on a map
THREE
point where the circles intersect
EPICENTER
describes the earthquake’s magnitude by measuring the seismic waves that
cause the earthquake. It is a quantitative logarithmic scale that measures the magnitude of an
earthquake.
RICHTER SCALE
Magnitude is greater than or equal to 8.0. A magnitude-8.0 earthquake
is capable of tremendous damage
GREAT EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude in the rage of 7.0 to 7.9. A magnitude-7.0 earthquake is a
major earthquake that is capable of widespread, heavy damage
MAJOR EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude in the rage of 6.0 to 6.9. A magnitude-6.0 quake can cause
severe damage.
STRONG EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude in the rage of 5.0 to 5.9. A magnitude-5.0 quake can
cause considerable damage.
MODERATE EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude in the rage of 4.0 to 4.9. A magnitude-4.0 quake is capable of
moderate damage
LIGHT EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude in the rage of 3.0 to 3.9
MINOR EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude less than-3.0. Quakes between 2.5 and 3.0 are the smallest
generally felt by people.
MICRO EARTHQUAKE
describes on how intense is the effect on a specific location
based on observations. It is a qualitative linear scale that measures the intensity of an
earthquake
MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE
deals with the effects of earthquake and with the methods of
reducing those effects through identification and mitigation of seismic hazards
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
hazards produced by seismic waves which radiates from source to the
ground surface.
GROUND SHAKING
hazards caused by improper design, incorrect detailing and
construction malpractices.
STRUCTURAL HAZARDS
– hazards caused by liquefaction during earthquakes. Liquefaction
is a phenomenon by which soil (normally loose saturated sand deposit) lose strength and
stiffness during an earthquake where the soil behave like liquid causing considerable settling
and tilting of the overlying structures.
LIQUEFACTION HAZARDS
– are hazards caused by slope failures in steep or hilly areas.
LANDSLIDE HAZARDS
are hazards caused by giant sea waves generated by under-the-sea
earthquakes which are shallow seated abd strong enough to disturb and displace the water
over it
. TSUNAMI HAZARDS
The load-resisting sub-system of a building. The structural system transfers
loads through interconnected members.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
A space frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by
flexure due to both gravity and lateral loads.
MOMENT RESISTING SPACE FRAME (MRSF)
A moment resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior, and complying
with the code for seismic provisions.
SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING SPACE FRAME (SMRSF)
- A moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile
behavior
ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING SPACE FRAME (OMRSF)
A structural system without complete vertical load carrying space frame, no beams and
no columns. All walls are designed to resist both gravity and lateral loads
BEARING WALL SYSTEM
A combination of memnet resisting space frame and bearing wall or braced frame
systems. Basically, lateral loads are to be carried by the bearing wall or braced frame
while the gravity loads are carried by the space frame
DUAL SYSTEM
Essentially a vertical truss sytem which is provided to resist lateral loads
BRACED FRAME
braced frame in which members are subjected primarily to axial loads
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME
A braced frame in which members are subject to flexure while bracings are subject
to axial force
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME
consists of closely spaced columns joined by deep girders. The idea is to create a tube
that will act like a continuous perforated stack. Lateral loads are resisted by the tube
while gravity loading is shared between the tube and the interior columns
FRAMED TUBE
A framed tube consisting of an outer-framed tube together with an interior core. The
outer and inner tubes act jointly in resisting lateral loads and a portion of gravity loads
TUBE IN TUBE
- Consists of widely spaced rigid peripheral columns with bracings. As a result, the
structure behaves more like a braced frame under lateral loads
BRACED TUBE
Assemblage of individual tubes resulting in multiple cell tube
BUNDLED TUBE
