MTB/meded Flashcards
Limiting factors prior to surgery: ejection fraction below?
Recent MI defer the surgery for how long?
How to optimize the patient with CHF?
EF below 35% at increased risk and non-cardio surgery
Defer surgery for six months and cases of MI
Optimize CHF with Ace-inhibitors, beta blockers and spironolactone to decrease mortality
Patient only needs an EKG prior to surgery if?
If cardiac disease, regardless of age, they must have?
Only EKG if under 35 and no history of cardiac disease
If cardiac disease, need EKG, stress testing, echo
Risk factors
Diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, male over 45
Don’t forget about age!
If a smoker quit? Prior to surgery
Quit smoking 6 to 8 weeks prior to surgery
Also, if lung disease or smoking history need PFTs
Cullen sign: Grey Turner sign: Kehr sign: Balance sign: Seatbelt sign:
Cullen sign: around umbilicus, Hemorrhagic pancreatitis, ruptured AAA
Grey Turner sign:flank bruising, retroperitoneal hemorrhage
Kehr sign:pain in the left shoulder, splenic rupture
Balance sign:dull percussion on the left and shifting down this on the right, splenic rupture
Seatbelt sign: deceleration injury
Tension pneumothorax pushes the trachea away from the involved lung
In contrast, what pulls the trachea toward the involved lung?
Atelectasis
Blood at the urethral meatus and a high riding prostate, what to do next?
Get a KUB followed by an RUG: retrograde urethrogram
If suspect mesenteric ischemia (abdominal pain out of proportion to the exam, severe pain after eating, +/- history of cardiovascular disease)
what to do next?
Get angiography, consider surgery
Ischemic bowel disease versus mesenteric ischemia
Ischemic: due to lack of blood flow, progressive, S/S: abdominal pain after eating, bloody diarrhea
Mesenteric: acute occlusion of arteries: SMA, a fib #1 risk factor, pain out of proportion to the PE, elevated lactic acid, ^Wbc’s
Ischemic bowel disease versus mesenteric ischemia diagnosis and treatment
Ischemic: best initial test is a CT scan, angiography is most accurate; treat with IV NS followed by surgery to remove necrotic bowel
Mesenteric: best initial test is abdominal X-RAY showing air in the bowel wall, most accurate is angiography; treat with emergent laparotomy with resection of necrotic bowel, endovascular therapy is indicated if unable to go to sx
Most common site of a Boerhaave tear?
Mallory Weiss?
Left posterior lateral aspect of the distal esophagus
Mallory: GE junction
Esophageal perforation diagnosis and treatment
Esophagram using Gastrografin (Diatrizoate Meglumine, Diatrizoate sodium solution)
do not use barium as it is caustic to the tissues
Treatment: surgical exploration with the Bremen of the mediastinum enclosure of the perforation, mediastinitis is a complication
Acute, worsening of abdominal pain that radiates to the right shoulder plus peritoneal signs, think?
Best test?
Gastric perforation, radiates to the right shoulder due to acid irritation of the phrenic nerve
Initial test: up right CXR shows free air under the diaphragm, most accurate is CT scan
What tests are Contraindicated in diverticulitis and why?
What is the most common complication of diverticulitis?
Do not use a barium enema or colonoscopy due to risk of perforation
Abscess formation is the most common complication
Diverticulitis treatment
First episode maybe treated medically: NPO, NG tube, broad-spectrum antibiotics
if there are complications or it is recurrent will need resection of the affected loop of bowel
What med has been shown to alleviate obstruction from stool impaction in patients on chronic opioids?
Methylnaltrexone (Relistor)
Bowel obstruction diagnosis
Best initial test: abdominal XR shows multiple air fluid levels with dilated loops
Most accurate test: CT scan of abdomen shows transition zone
Labs: elevated lactate with marked acidosis, +/- elevated white count
Bowel obstruction treatment
NPO, NG tube with suction, IV fluids, surgical decompression if complete obstruction or lack of improvement with medical management
Injection of what medication has been shown to decrease incontinence episodes by 50%?
Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Solesta)
What is a comminuted fracture?
A fracture in which the bone is broken into multiple pieces, most commonly caused by crush injuries
Most common site for stress fracture? How to diagnose?
Metatarsals
Diagnosed with CT or MRI as x-ray does not show evidence
How to diagnose shoulder dislocations?
X-rays the best initial test, MRI is the most accurate
What injury took out for if anterior shoulder dislocation?
What to look out for if clavicle fracture?
Axillary artery or nerve injury
Subclavian artery or brachial plexus injury
Trigger finger is caused by? How to treat?
Caused by a stenosis of the tendon sheath, treat with steroid injection, It fails surgery to cut the sheath that is restricting the tendon
Do not confuse with Dupuytren contracture, Whole hand cannot extend, surgery
