Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nephro > MTB 5 > Flashcards

MTB 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal gap Metabolic Acidosis with positive UAG

A

RTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Normal gap Metabolic Acidosis with negative UAG

A

Diarrhea

- kidney’s ability to excrete acid intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis - Normal AG

A

RTA

Diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis - Increased AG

A 
MUDPILES
Methanol toxicity
Uremia
DKA
Phenytoin, Paraldehyde
INH
Ethylene glycol 
Salicylates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ABG in Metabolic Acidosis

A

All low

Low pH, pCO2, HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

A 
GI loss - vomiting, NG tube
Increased aldosterone
Diuretics
Milk-alkali syndrome - hi volume liquid antacids
Hypokalema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ABG in Metabolic Alkalosis

A

All high
High pH > 7.40
High HCO3
High pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 phases of Vomiting?

A
  1. Generation phase - loss of gastric fluids (HCl, etc) causes retention of H2O and HCO3. Loss of gastric acid - no stimulus for pancreas to secrete HCO3, so HCO3 is retained in blood = Metabolic Alkalosis
  2. Maintainance phase - volume loss causes ECV to go down, decreased renal perfusion so kidneys activate RAAS. Aldosterone retains H2O, loss of H+ and K+ to get Hypokalemia and contraction alkalosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

TX for Vomiting

A

IVF
NS
This will tx contraction alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Equation for minute ventilation

A

Minute ventilation = RR x TV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis
pCO2?
Minute ventilation?

A

Low pCO2

Minute Vent =Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis

A 
Anemia
Anxiety 
Pain
Fever
Interstitial Lung Dz
Pulmonary Emboli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Respiratory Acidosis
pCO2?
Minute ventilation?

A

High pCO2

Minute vent = Decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

A 
COPD/Emphysema
Drowning
Opiate OD
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Kyphoscoliosis
Sleep apnea/morbid obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MCC nephrolithiasis

A

Calcium Oxalate in alkaline urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MS risk factor for nephrolithiasis

A

Overexcretion of calcium in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most accurate test for nephrolithiasis

A

CT scan
- does not need contrast
IVP needs contrast, takes hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pt w excruciating pain in left flank radiating to groin presents to ED. Next step?

A

Ketorolac - NSAID provides pain relief like opiates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which GI disorder do we see kidney stones?

A

Crohn dz b/c of increased oxalate absorption

Also, fat malabsorption increases stone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When is IVP the right answer in nephrolithiasis

A

Never

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Best initial TX for renal colic

A
  1. Analgesics
  2. Hydration
  3. Imaging to confirm stone location
  4. CT/Sonography to detect obstruction, ie hydronephrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How to assess etiology of kidney stone?

A

Stone analysis
Serum calcium, uric acid, PTH, Mg, PO4
24 hr urine for volume, calcium, oxalate, citrate, cystine, pH, uric acid, PO4, Mg

23
Q

How do we visualize uric acid stones

A

CT

Not on X-ray

24
Q

TX for cysteine stones

A

Surgical removal

Alkalinize the urine

25
Q

What does in-dwelling catheter increase the risk of

A 
Urease producing bacteria
- Proteus
- Pseudomonas
- Klebsiella
- Morganella
- Staph
- Ureaplasma
Alkalinize urine, increase pH
26
Q

When is lithotripsy TX for stones

A

Between 0.5 - 3 cm

27
Q

Which size stones spontaenously pass

A

Less than 5 mm

28
Q

Which size stones do we surgically TX

A

Larger than 2 cm

29
Q

Long term management of calcium stones

A

HCTZ removes calcium from urine - increased distal tubular reabsorption of calcium

30
Q

What binds to calcium in the bowel

A

Oxalate

31
Q

Metabolic Acidosis and kidney stone relationship

A

Met Acidosis removes calcium from bones and increase stone formation
- Also decreases citrate levels (which binds calcium)

32
Q

Stress Incontinence Presentation

A

Older woman w painless urinary leakage w coughing, laughing, lifting objects

33
Q

Test for Stress Incontinence

A

Have pt stand and cough - observe for leakage

34
Q

TX for Stress Incontinence

A
  1. Kegals
  2. Local estrogen cream
  3. Surgical tightening of urethra
35
Q

Urge Incontinence Presentation

A

Sudden pain in bladder, followed by overwhelming urge to urinate

36
Q

Test for Urge Incontinence

A

Pressure measurements in half-full bladder

Manometry

37
Q

TX for Urge Incontinence

A
  1. Bladder training exercises
  2. Local anticholinergics
    - Oxybutynin
    - Tolterodine
    - Solifenacin
    - Dariferancin
  3. Surgical tightening of urethra
38
Q

Causes of HTN

A 
RA stenosis
Glomerulonephritis
Coarctation of Aorta
Acromegaly 
Pheo
Hyperaldosteronism
Cushing syndrome/Hypercortisolism/GC use
CAH
39
Q

Renal Artery Stenosis Presentation

A

Bruit is auscultated in flank - abdominal bruit
Continuous throughout systole and diastole
Failure to control BP despite multiple meds

40
Q

Coarctation of Aorta Presentation

A

UE&raquo_space; LE BP

41
Q

HTN pts tested for

A

EKG
UA
Glucose for diabetes
Cholesterol

42
Q

Best initial TX for HTN

A

Weight loss
Sodium restriction
DASH diet
Exercise

43
Q

How long do we try lifestyle modifications before medications started

A

3-6 months

44
Q

Does tobacco smoking stop HTN

A

NO.

Prevents CVD

45
Q

Best initial drug for HTN

A

Thiazides

46
Q

When do we start 2 medications for HTN

A

BP > 160/100

47
Q

If BP not controlled with thiazide, next step

A 
Add: 
ACE
ARB
Beta blocker
CCB
48
Q

Antihypertensive for Osteoporosis

A

Thiazides

49
Q

What is hypertensive crisis

A

HTN + end-organ damage

  • High BP
  • Confusion
  • Blurry vision
  • Dyspnea
  • Chest pain
50
Q

AE’s of thiazides

A 
Hyperglycemia
Increase LDL 
Increase TG
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Hypercalcemia
51
Q

Best initial TX for hypertensive crisis

A

Labetolol

Nitroprusside

52
Q

Presentation of Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

Triad: Flank pain + Hematuria + Palpable Abd mass
Varicocele - fails to empty when pt is recumbant = tumor obstruction of gonadal vein
Polycythemia - Ectopic EPO

53
Q

Management for Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

CT Abdomen

Nephro (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions