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mtap cc2 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrically charged substance

A

ELECTROLYTES

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2
Q

Regulated by Aldosterone

A

SODIUM

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3
Q

Major EXTRAcellular CATION

A

SODIUM

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4
Q

Sodium regulates _______ and _______

A

Osmolality

Blood volume

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5
Q

Osmolality is affected by:

  1. ____
  2. ____
  3. ____
A

Sodium
Glucose
BUN

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6
Q

It is caused by Hyperlipidemia and Hyperproteinemia

A

Pseudohyponatremia

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7
Q

What happens to sodium when glucose is increased?

A

Sodium = Decreased

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8
Q

Hyperglycemia leads to:
A. hyponatremia
B. hypernatremia
C. pseudohyponatremia

A

A. hyponatremia

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9
Q

Major INTRAcellular CATION

A

POTASSIUM

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10
Q

the method ISE stands for:

A

Ion Selective Electrode

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11
Q

This electrolyte is coated with Valinomycin in ISE method

A

Potassium

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12
Q

This is caused by Insulin overdose due to increased cellular uptake of Potassium

A

Hypokalemia

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13
Q

Produces a Violet color on Flame Emission Photometry

A

Potassium

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14
Q

Produces a Yellow color on Flame Emission Photometry

A

Sodium

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15
Q

Major EXTRAcellular ANION

A

CHLORIDE

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16
Q

Which Electrolyte causes Cystic fibrosis:
A. Potassium
B. Calcium
C. Chloride

A

C. Chloride

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17
Q

Specimen used for Cystic fibrosis

A

Sweat

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18
Q

2 reagents used for Colorimetric method for chloride

A

Mercuric thiocyanate

Ferric nitrate

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19
Q

Indicator used in Mercurimetric Titration

A

Diphenylcarbazone

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20
Q

Calcium is found in __% in bones and __% in blood

A

99% bones

1% blood

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21
Q

Calcium is regulated by ____, ____, _____

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

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22
Q

Which electrolyte has a reciprocal relationship with phosphate:
A. Magnesium
B. Calcium
C. Potassium

A

B. Calcium

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23
Q

This increases both phosphate and calcium:
A. Chloride
B. Calcitonin
C. Vitamin D

A

C. Vitamin D

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24
Q

The 2 electrolytes associated with Tetany

A

Calcium

Magnesium

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25
2nd most abundant INTRAcellular CATION
MAGNESIUM
26
3 Electrolytes for normal heart contraction
Potassium Calcium Magnesium
27
Major INTRAcellular ANION
PHOSPHATE
28
This electrolyte acts as a buffer
Phosphate
29
Method used for Phosphate
Fiske-Subarrow
30
Organ responsible for respiration
Lungs
31
Organ responsible for reabsorption and excretion of bicarbonate
Kidneys
32
Major buffer system and the most important
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid
33
Bicarbonate is controlled by what organ?
Kidneys
34
Ratio of Bicarbonate : Carbonic Acid
20:1
35
4 Buffer systems
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Biphosphate-Dihydrogen Phosphate Hemoglobin Proteins
36
Ratio of Biphosphate : Dihydrogen Phosphate
4:1
37
Blood gas analyzers that are directly measured
pH pO2 pCO2
38
It uses the principle of Potentiometry
pH | pCO2
39
It uses the principle of Aperometry
pO2
40
Endocrine gland is also known as
Ductless gland
41
True or False: | Endocrine glands exhibit nocturnal variation
FALSE | Diurnal variation
42
3 hormones that can cause false positive HCG
TSH FSH LH
43
4 Classification of hormones
Proteins/Polypeptides Glycoproteins Steroid/Cholesterol Amino acid
44
It is a product of hemoglobin degradation
Bilirubin
45
2 types of Bilirubin
B1 - Unconjugated/Hemobilirubin | B2 - Conjugated/Cholebilirubin
46
It is the site of Conjugation
LIVER
47
Bilirubin that is first to be released
B1 - Unconjugated/Hemobilirubin
48
Protein carrier for B1
Albumin
49
Enzyme used in conjugation
Uridine/Uridyl Diphosphate Glucoronyl Transferase
50
This gives color to the stool and urine
Urobilin
51
It is colorless and normally present in urine
Urobilinogen
52
Most commonly used for bilirubin analysis
Jendrassik Grof Method
53
Diazo reaction directly detects what bilirubin only?
B2 - Conjugated/Cholebilirubin
54
Accelerator used in Jendrassik Grof
Caffein-Sodium Benzoate
55
Accelerator used in Evelyn Malloy Method
50% methanol
56
5 methods for bilirubin analysis
``` Icterus index Diazo reaction (Van den Bergh Jendrassik Grof Evelyn Malloy OD 450 ```
57
Absorbance of Bilirubin
450nm
58
Critical value for bilirubin:
>18 mg/dl
59
Accumulation of bilirubin in the brain
Kernicterus
60
Yellow discoloration of skin and sclera
Jaundice
61
This is due to too much intake of alcohol
Cirrhosis
62
Inflammation of Gallbladder
Cholecystitis
63
Formation of gallstones
Cholelithiasis
64
Bile duct fails to form an opening
Biliary atresia
65
Accumulation/elevation of B1 due to a defect in hepatic uptake of B1
Gilbert syndrome
66
deficiency/lack of UDPGT
Crigler/Najjar syndrome
67
presence of UDPGT inhibitor
Lucey-Driscoll syndrome
68
with dark liver pigmentation and abnormal gallbladder function
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
69
No liver pigmentation and normal function of gallbladder
Rotor syndrome
70
Micromole of substrate per minute
International unit
71
Mole of substrate per second
Katal unit
72
Protein portion of enzyme
Apoenzyme
73
also known as Zymogens
Proenzymes
74
Enzymes with the same reaction but different physical/chemical characteristics
Isoenzymes
75
It attaches to the active site of enzyme
Substrate
76
Factors that affect enzymes (4)
pH Temperature Enzyme conc. Substrate conc.
77
In Competitive inhibition, the substrate and inhibitor target what site?
ACTIVE site
78
Inhibitor changes the shape of active site and targets the Allosteric site
Non-Competitive inihibition
79
It destroys the attachment of enzyme and subtrate
Uncompetitive inhibition
80
It is where the Cofactor binds
Allosteric site
81
It is more accurate and this is where enzymatic activity is measured
Zero order kinetics
82
More specific marker for liver disease
ALT
83
More specific marker for acute pancreatitis
Lipase
84
Reaction rate is dependent on Substrate concentration
First order kinetics
85
6 classes of enzymes
``` Oxidoreductase Hydrolases Transferase Lyases Isomerase Ligase ```
86
Gamma-glutamyl transferase is a marker for
Hepatobilliary disease
87
A marker used for pesticide poisoning
Cholinesterase

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