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mtap cc2 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrically charged substance

A

ELECTROLYTES

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2
Q

Regulated by Aldosterone

A

SODIUM

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3
Q

Major EXTRAcellular CATION

A

SODIUM

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4
Q

Sodium regulates _______ and _______

A

Osmolality

Blood volume

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5
Q

Osmolality is affected by:

  1. ____
  2. ____
  3. ____
A

Sodium
Glucose
BUN

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6
Q

It is caused by Hyperlipidemia and Hyperproteinemia

A

Pseudohyponatremia

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7
Q

What happens to sodium when glucose is increased?

A

Sodium = Decreased

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8
Q

Hyperglycemia leads to:
A. hyponatremia
B. hypernatremia
C. pseudohyponatremia

A

A. hyponatremia

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9
Q

Major INTRAcellular CATION

A

POTASSIUM

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10
Q

the method ISE stands for:

A

Ion Selective Electrode

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11
Q

This electrolyte is coated with Valinomycin in ISE method

A

Potassium

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12
Q

This is caused by Insulin overdose due to increased cellular uptake of Potassium

A

Hypokalemia

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13
Q

Produces a Violet color on Flame Emission Photometry

A

Potassium

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14
Q

Produces a Yellow color on Flame Emission Photometry

A

Sodium

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15
Q

Major EXTRAcellular ANION

A

CHLORIDE

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16
Q

Which Electrolyte causes Cystic fibrosis:
A. Potassium
B. Calcium
C. Chloride

A

C. Chloride

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17
Q

Specimen used for Cystic fibrosis

A

Sweat

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18
Q

2 reagents used for Colorimetric method for chloride

A

Mercuric thiocyanate

Ferric nitrate

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19
Q

Indicator used in Mercurimetric Titration

A

Diphenylcarbazone

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20
Q

Calcium is found in __% in bones and __% in blood

A

99% bones

1% blood

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21
Q

Calcium is regulated by ____, ____, _____

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

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22
Q

Which electrolyte has a reciprocal relationship with phosphate:
A. Magnesium
B. Calcium
C. Potassium

A

B. Calcium

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23
Q

This increases both phosphate and calcium:
A. Chloride
B. Calcitonin
C. Vitamin D

A

C. Vitamin D

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24
Q

The 2 electrolytes associated with Tetany

A

Calcium

Magnesium

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25
Q

2nd most abundant INTRAcellular CATION

A

MAGNESIUM

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26
Q

3 Electrolytes for normal heart contraction

A

Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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27
Q

Major INTRAcellular ANION

A

PHOSPHATE

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28
Q

This electrolyte acts as a buffer

A

Phosphate

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29
Q

Method used for Phosphate

A

Fiske-Subarrow

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30
Q

Organ responsible for respiration

A

Lungs

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31
Q

Organ responsible for reabsorption and excretion of bicarbonate

A

Kidneys

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32
Q

Major buffer system and the most important

A

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid

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33
Q

Bicarbonate is controlled by what organ?

A

Kidneys

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34
Q

Ratio of Bicarbonate : Carbonic Acid

A

20:1

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35
Q

4 Buffer systems

A

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid
Biphosphate-Dihydrogen Phosphate
Hemoglobin
Proteins

36
Q

Ratio of Biphosphate : Dihydrogen Phosphate

A

4:1

37
Q

Blood gas analyzers that are directly measured

A

pH
pO2
pCO2

38
Q

It uses the principle of Potentiometry

A

pH

pCO2

39
Q

It uses the principle of Aperometry

A

pO2

40
Q

Endocrine gland is also known as

A

Ductless gland

41
Q

True or False:

Endocrine glands exhibit nocturnal variation

A

FALSE

Diurnal variation

42
Q

3 hormones that can cause false positive HCG

A

TSH
FSH
LH

43
Q

4 Classification of hormones

A

Proteins/Polypeptides
Glycoproteins
Steroid/Cholesterol
Amino acid

44
Q

It is a product of hemoglobin degradation

A

Bilirubin

45
Q

2 types of Bilirubin

A

B1 - Unconjugated/Hemobilirubin

B2 - Conjugated/Cholebilirubin

46
Q

It is the site of Conjugation

A

LIVER

47
Q

Bilirubin that is first to be released

A

B1 - Unconjugated/Hemobilirubin

48
Q

Protein carrier for B1

A

Albumin

49
Q

Enzyme used in conjugation

A

Uridine/Uridyl Diphosphate Glucoronyl Transferase

50
Q

This gives color to the stool and urine

A

Urobilin

51
Q

It is colorless and normally present in urine

A

Urobilinogen

52
Q

Most commonly used for bilirubin analysis

A

Jendrassik Grof Method

53
Q

Diazo reaction directly detects what bilirubin only?

A

B2 - Conjugated/Cholebilirubin

54
Q

Accelerator used in Jendrassik Grof

A

Caffein-Sodium Benzoate

55
Q

Accelerator used in Evelyn Malloy Method

A

50% methanol

56
Q

5 methods for bilirubin analysis

A 
Icterus index
Diazo reaction (Van den Bergh
Jendrassik Grof
Evelyn Malloy
OD 450
57
Q

Absorbance of Bilirubin

A

450nm

58
Q

Critical value for bilirubin:

A

> 18 mg/dl

59
Q

Accumulation of bilirubin in the brain

A

Kernicterus

60
Q

Yellow discoloration of skin and sclera

A

Jaundice

61
Q

This is due to too much intake of alcohol

A

Cirrhosis

62
Q

Inflammation of Gallbladder

A

Cholecystitis

63
Q

Formation of gallstones

A

Cholelithiasis

64
Q

Bile duct fails to form an opening

A

Biliary atresia

65
Q

Accumulation/elevation of B1 due to a defect in hepatic uptake of B1

A

Gilbert syndrome

66
Q

deficiency/lack of UDPGT

A

Crigler/Najjar syndrome

67
Q

presence of UDPGT inhibitor

A

Lucey-Driscoll syndrome

68
Q

with dark liver pigmentation and abnormal gallbladder function

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

69
Q

No liver pigmentation and normal function of gallbladder

A

Rotor syndrome

70
Q

Micromole of substrate per minute

A

International unit

71
Q

Mole of substrate per second

A

Katal unit

72
Q

Protein portion of enzyme

A

Apoenzyme

73
Q

also known as Zymogens

A

Proenzymes

74
Q

Enzymes with the same reaction but different physical/chemical characteristics

A

Isoenzymes

75
Q

It attaches to the active site of enzyme

A

Substrate

76
Q

Factors that affect enzymes (4)

A

pH
Temperature
Enzyme conc.
Substrate conc.

77
Q

In Competitive inhibition, the substrate and inhibitor target what site?

A

ACTIVE site

78
Q

Inhibitor changes the shape of active site and targets the Allosteric site

A

Non-Competitive inihibition

79
Q

It destroys the attachment of enzyme and subtrate

A

Uncompetitive inhibition

80
Q

It is where the Cofactor binds

A

Allosteric site

81
Q

It is more accurate and this is where enzymatic activity is measured

A

Zero order kinetics

82
Q

More specific marker for liver disease

A

ALT

83
Q

More specific marker for acute pancreatitis

A

Lipase

84
Q

Reaction rate is dependent on Substrate concentration

A

First order kinetics

85
Q

6 classes of enzymes

A 
Oxidoreductase
Hydrolases
Transferase
Lyases
Isomerase
Ligase
86
Q

Gamma-glutamyl transferase is a marker for

A

Hepatobilliary disease

87
Q

A marker used for pesticide poisoning

A

Cholinesterase

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