MTAP 1 Flashcards
The method of scratching the skin and applying pulverized powder from a smallpox scab
Variolation (inoculation or insufflation)
Live attenuated vaccine was discovered by
Louis Pasteur
It involves the use of bacteria or viruses that have been weakened through exposure to modifying conditions such as chemical treatment, hot or cold temperatures, aging, or repeated in vitro passage in cell culture.
Attenuation
It is an antigen suspension derived from a pathogen.
Vaccine
Vaccinia pertains to
Cowpox
Variola major pertains to
Smallpox
Variola minor pertains to
Alastrim
Vaccine is a form of
Immunoprophylaxis
The additional advantage of oral vaccines
It can potentially stimulate mucosal immunity as well as humoral antibody production and cell-mediated responses
Chicken cholera is now known as
Pasteurella multocida
Type of vaccine where live pathogens that have been weakened by growth under modified culture conditions
Attenuated
Examples of attenuated vaccine
BCG
TYPHOID FEVER
ORAL POLIO
MEASLES, MUMPS
GERMAN MEASLES
CHICKEN POX, ROTAVIRUS
YELLOW FEVER
Type of vaccine where the microorganism is killed
Inactivated Vaccine
Examples of Inactivated vaccine
Intramascularpolio (salk)
Hepatitis A
Influenza (Intramuscular or intradermal), Rabies
A vaccine that are bacterial toxins that have been chemically inactivated so that they are not pathogenic
Toxoids
Examples of Toxoid vaccine
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
(DPT)
A vaccine that is biochemically purified components of a microorganism
Purified components
Example of Purified components vaccine
Pertussis (whooping cough)
A vaccine that is biochemically purified polysaccharide from bacterial capsule
Polysaccharides vaccine
Example of Polysaccharides vaccine
Streptococcal pneumonia,
Haemophilus influenza type b
Neisserial meningitis
A vaccine that a protein produced by genetically modified nonpathogenic bacteria, yeast, or other cells
Recombinant antigen
Example of Recombinant antigen
Hepatitis B
Human papilloma virus (cervical, anal, genital cancers)
Factors affecting immunogenicity
The age of recipient
The individual’s immune status,
The nature of the vaccine
Some vaccines, such as the Live, Attenuated vaccine for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, are not started until
12 to 15 months of age
Meningococcal meningitis and HPV, are not administered until
11-12 years old
The most immunogenic vaccines
Live, Attenuated vaccine
the least immunogenic vaccines
Purified components (subunits) derived from the pathogen
Jenner
Smallpox vaccination
Haeckel
Phagocytosis
Pasteur
Live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines
Metchnikoff
Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis
Marrack
Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding
Salk and Sabin
Development of polio vaccine
Oral polio vaccine
Sabin
Intramuscular polio vaccine
Salk
Reed
Vaccine against yellow fever
uses anthrax to develop Koch postulate
Robert Koch
What year did Louis Pasteur creates the first vaccine for anthrax
1881
He discovered complement
Jules Bordet
He had the distinction of being awarded as the first immunology related Nobel Prize for his works on serum therapy
Emil Von Behring
The researcher of Serum antitoxins
Emil Von Behring
The researcher of the Structure of Antibodies
Gerald Edelman
Rodney Porter
The researcher of Radioimmunoassay
Rosalyn Yalow
The researcher of Antibody Diversity/Specificity
Susumu Tonegawa
The researcher of Human immunodeficiency virus
Francoise Barre- Sinoussi
Luc Montagnier
The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as
cross-immunity
Is the individual’s ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions. These are considered nonadaptive or nonspecific and are the same for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed.
Innate, or natural immunity
Is a type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure.
Acquired immunity
Natural immunity is responsible for what line of defense
First and Second line of defense
Adaptive immunity is responsible for what line of defense
Third line of defense
An immunity that a pathogen is recognized by receptors encoded in the germline
NATURAL or INNATE IMMUNITY
An immunity that a receptors have broad specificity
NATURAL or INNATE IMMUNITY
An immunity that a receptors have very narrow specificity; i.e., recognize a specific epitope
ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
The external defense system which is composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.
First Line of Defense (innate immunity)
an enzyme found in many secretions such as tears and saliva, and it attacks the cell walls of microorganisms, especially those that are gram-positive.
Lysozyme
Many locations of the body, there is normal flora that often keeps pathogens from establishing themselves in these areas. This phenomenon is known as.
competitive exclusion
Mechanical barriers examples
skin, mucous membrane, cilia, mucus
Chemical barriers examples
-Enzymes like lysozyme found in secretions (tears, saliva, sweat)
Lactic acid in sweat
-HCL in the GI tract
-Acid in urine
Biological barriers examples
-Skin and mucous membrane (Steven’s 4th edition)
-Normal flora
The internal defense system, in which both cells and soluble factors play essential parts.
Second Line of Defense (Innate immunity)
Cellular component of 2nd line of defense
Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophil
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cell
NK cells
Humolar component of 2nd line of defense
Complement
Lysozyme
Interferon alpha, and beta
Is a more recently evolved mechanism that allows the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus, an antigen.
Third Line of Defense (Acquired immunity)
Cellular component of 3rd Line of Defense (Acquired immunity)
T lymphocytes (majority of cytokines)
B lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Humoral component of 3rd Line of Defense (Acquired immunity)
Antibodies
Cytokines
Wha cells produces the majority of cytokines
T Lymphocytes
It recruits WBC’s for phagocytosis
Coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis
Mop up debris
Acute-phase reactants
Normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at least 25 percent due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues
They are indicator of inflammation
Acute-phase reactants
Acute-phase reactants are primarily produced by
Hepatocytes (Liver parenchymal cells)
What are examples of cytokines
Il-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha
Elevated levels are found in conditions such as Bacterial Infections, Rheumatic Fever, Viral Infections, Malignant Diseases, Tuberculosis, and after a Heart Attack
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Is a trace constituent of serum originally thought to be an antibody to the c-polysaccharide of the pneumococci
CRP
CRP response time
6-10 hours
CRP normal concentration
0.5 mg/dL
CRP function
Opsonization
Complement activation
CRP main substrate
Phosphocholine
CRP binds to specific receptors found on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, which promotes phagocytosis.
Monocytes
Macrophages
and Neutrophils,
It is a significant risk factor for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke
Hs-CRP
It is associated with HDL cholesterol, and it is thought to play a role in metabolism of cholesterol (removing cholesterol filled macrophages at the site of tissue injury)
SERUM AMYLOID A
It has been found to increase significantly more in bacterial infections than in viral infections
SERUM AMYLOID A
It is also increased to patients with chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and cancer
SERUM AMYLOID A
A trimer that acts as an opsonin, which is calcium-dependent.
MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN
Lack of MBP has been associated with
Recurrent Yeast Infections
General plasma inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes, especially elastase.
It also regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF, Interleukin-1, and IL-6
ALPHA1- ANTITRYPSIN
ALPHA1- ANTITRYPSIN deficiency can lead to
premature emphysema
juvenile cirrhosis
It is the principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma
CERULOPLASMIN
decreased CERULOPLASMIN can lead to
Wilson’s disease
Increased CERULOPLASMIN can lead to
Inflammation
It binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin released
Haptoglobin
What are the types of phagocytosis
Direct
Indirect
via Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRP) that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms
DIrect phagocytosis
via Opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, and C3b bound to microorganisms
Indirect phagocytosis
Stages of phagocytosis according to Rodaks
Recognition & Attachment
Ingestion
Killing & Digestion
Formation of NETS (neutrophil extracellular traps)
Stages of phagocytosis according to Old Immuno Books
Initiation
Chemotaxis
Engulfment
Digestion
Stages of phagocytosis according to Steven’s
Adherence
Outflowing of cytoplasm
Formation of phagosome
Formation of the phagolysosome
Digestion
Excretion
What are the phagocytic cells
Dendritic cells
Monocytes/Macrophage
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
Stages of phagocytosis according to Turgeon’s
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Engulfment
Phagosome formation
Fusion
Digestion and destruction
What are the less efficient phagocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Most potent phagocytes
Dendritic cells
The most potent/lethal bactericidal product formed in the respiratory burst
Hydrogen peroxide
Known to be central to the killing of microbes, because its dysfunction causes chronic granulomatous disease. Patients with this disease suffer from recurring, severe bacterial infections
NADPH oxidase
A lytic enzyme from the lysosomal granules that are able to cleave segments of bacterial cell walls without the benefit of oxygen.
Defensins
They are chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction
Chemotaxins
Produced by neutrophils, certain macrophage populations, and Paneth cells of the small intestine. This class of defensins is believed to disrupt the microbial membrane.
Alpha defensins
Produced by neutrophils as well as epithelial cells lining the various organs, including the bronchial tree and genitourinary system. They are believed to increase resistance of epithelial cells to colonization
Beta defensins
Surface receptors that promote cell-to-cell interaction. It is an adhesion molecule together with selectins
Integrins
Bactericidal and viricidal protein in the presence of C3 component and magnesium
Properdin
Heat-stable cationic substance released by platelet during coagulation
Beta-Lysin
Iron binding protein that is found in secretory fluid such as milk, saliva, tear, and nasal secretion. It is also released as a secondary granules of PMNs. It protects against bacterial infection, possibly by preventing the growth of bacteria by depriving them of essential nutrients(iron) or by killing bacteria by destroying their cell walls
Lactoferrin
What are the 3 PRRs’
Secreted PRRs
Phagocytosis Receptors
Toll-like Receptors (TLR)
What are the TLRs receptors found on cell surfaces
TLR 1
TLR 2
TLR 4
TLR 5
TLR 6
What are the TLRs receptors found on endosomal compartments
TLR 3
TLR 7
TLR 8
TLR 9
It recognizes lipoprotein found in mycobacteria
TLR 1
It recognizes teichoic acid and peptidoglycan found in gram-positive bacteria
TLR 2
It recognizes lipopolysaccharide found in gram-negative bacteria
TLR 4
It recognizes bacterial flagellin
TLR 5
It recognizes lipopeptides, lipotechoic acid, and zymogans
TLR 6
It recognizes double-stranded RNA
TLR 3
It recognizes single-stranded RNA
TLR 7
TLR 8
It recognizes double-stranded DNA
TLR 9
It is the primary inflammatory response
Vasodilation
It is a term where there is increased blood supply to the infected area
Hyperemia
The process by which cells are capable of moving from the circulating blood to the tissues by squeezing through the wall of a blood vessel
Diapedesis
What are the 5 cardinal signs of Inflammation
Rubor
Dolor
Calor
Tumor
Functio laesa
What are the predominant cells during acute inflammation
Neutrophils
What are the predominant cells during chronic inflammation
Monocytes
Macrophages
A cardinal sign that is also induced by certain chemical mediators of inflammation, such as Bradykinin, Serotonin, & Prostaglandins.
Dolor
The order of 5 cardinal signs
Rubor
Tumor
Calor
Dolor
Functio laesa
An immunoglobulin that is found in Breastmilk
IgA
What is the mechanism of Humoral Branch
Antibody-mediated
What is the cell type of the Humoral Branch
B-Lymphocytes
What is the purpose of Humoral Branch
Primary defense against bacterial infection
What is the mechanism of Cellular Branch
Cell-mediated
What is the cell type of the Cellular Branch
T-Lymphocytes
What is the purpose of Cellular Branch
Defense against viral and fungal infections,
What are the primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
Thymus
It is an organ that function as Ag-independent lymphopoiesis
Site where most blood cells mature including B cells and NK cells.
Bone marrow
Site where T cells mature and develop their identifying characteristics.
Thymus
The not fully mature T cells reside in
Thymic cortex
The mature T cells reside in
Thymic medulla
The paracortex contains
Majority of T cells
It acts as the site for antigen-dependent lymphopoiesis
Secondary Lymphoid Organ
What are the Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Spleen
Lymph nodes
MALT
CALT
Represents 60 to 80 percent of circulating lymphocytes in the peripheral blood
T Lymphocytes
The CD markers of T Lymphocytes
CD 2
CD 3
CD 4
CD 8
A CD markers that is characterized by sheep red blood cell receptor (rosette formation),
It is also the classical T-cell surface marker
CD 2
It is part of T-cell antigen-receptor complex
CD 3
Normal ratio of CD4 : CD8
2:1
HIV patient ratio of CD4 : CD8
1:2
CD 4 count of AIDS patient
<200 cells/uL
It is an interleukin that is critical for growth and differentiation
IL-7
It lacks CD 4 and CD 8 markers
Double Negative Thymocytes
It Expresses both CD 4 and CD 8
Double Positive Thymocytes
Where does positive selection occur
Thymic cortex
Where does negative selection occur
Thymic medulla
Splenic tissue is divided into what two main type
Red pulp
White pulp
A region of white pulp that contains mainly T-cells
Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheats (PALS)
A region of white pulp that contains naive B cells/virgin cells
Primary follicles
A region of white pulp that contains dendritic cells
Marginal zone
A cell that acts as the orchestrator/ stimulator of the effector mechanisms of the immune response such as Antibody synthesis, macrophage activation, Cytotoxic T cell killing, and NK cell activation
T helper cells
How many parts of peripheral T-cells expresses CD4 antigen
2/3
How many parts of peripheral T-cells expresses CD8 antigen
1/3
Produce interferon-gamma (IFN-Y) and tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF- B), which protect cells against intracellular pathogens.
Th1 cells
It secretes IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and TNF-β, which are responsible for the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and macrophages
Th1 subset
It produces various interleukins, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. The essential role of the Th2 cells is to help B cells produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens. Recently, an additional T-cell subpopulation
Th2 cells
It plays an important role in suppressing the immune response to self-antigens. They are critical for prevention of autoimmunity.
T-regulatory cells (T reg)
T cells exposed to antigen
Activated T lymphocytes express receptors for IL-2, just as activated B cells
CD 25(+) is the receptor for IL-2
Activated T-Cells
T lymphoblasts differentiate into functionally active small lymphocytes that produce cytokines/lymphokines.
Sensitized T-Cells
It represents 20-35 percent (10-20% other books) of lymphocyte population. 10 -15% (Steven’s 4th edition)
B-Lymphocyte
The pro-B cell has distinctive markers that include surface antigens it includes
CD19
CD45R
CD43,
CD24,
C-Kit
Pre-B cells may also express μ chains on the cell surface, accompanied by an unusual light chain molecule called a
SURROGATE LIGHT CHAIN.
Immature B cells are distinguished by the appearance of
complete IgM molecules
It acts as a receptor for a breakdown product of the complement component C3, known as C3d
CD 21
In addition to IgM, all mature B cells exhibit IgD, another class of antibody molecule, on their surface.
Contain monomeric IgM
Mature B-Cells
Memory B cells carry a what type of immunoglobulin as their antigen receptor
IgG
Represents 10-15(<10%) percent of total Lymphocyte population. Other Books: 5 to 10%
Natural Killer Cells
Natural Killer Cells is also known as
Larger Granular Lymphocytes (LGL)
Natural Killer Cells is activated by
IL-2
Activated natural killer cell is also called as
(Lymphokine Killer activated cells) or LAK
Natural Killer Cells possess what CD markers
CD 16
CD 56
CD 94
Protease; a marker for pre-B CALLA
CD 10
Receptor for complement component C3d; part of B cell co-receptor with CD 19 (RECEPTER OF EBV)
CD 21
CD markers under B-Cells
CD 19
CD 20
CD 21 CD
CD 40
MHC Class II
The most frequently used method for obtaining lymphocytes is density gradient centrifugation
Ficoll Hypaque
Specific gravity of Ficoll Hypaque
1.007 - 1.114
These are substances that stimulate cell division
Mitogen
Phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin A, Pokeweed
T-Cell Lymphocyte
Lipopolysaccharide, Staphylococcal protein A, Pokeweed
B-Cells
KILL/ANNIHILATE Virally infected cells or cancerous cells through the secretion of
Perforins
Granzymes
A part of antibody that binds to the antigenic determinant site
Paratope
The key portion of the immunogen is known as the
Epitope or Determinant site
Substances that are too small to be recognized by themselves, but if they are complexed to larger molecules, they are then able to stimulate an immune response.
Haptens
Example of haptens
Drugs
Therapeutic Hormones
Is a substance administered with an immunogen that increases the immune response.
Adjuvants
It is originally referred to as human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Genes coding for the MHC molecules in humans are found on the
Short arm of Chromosome 6
A light chains found in the urine of patient with Multiple myeloma
Bence Jones Protein
Hinge region contains what for flexibility
Proline
Hinge region is found between
CH1 and CH2
Antibodies with Hinge Region
IgG
IgA
IgD
Antibodies without Hinger Region
IgM
IgE
Sedimentation coefficient of IgM
19 S
Sedimentation coefficient of IgE
8 S
A predominant immunoglobulin in humans
Non-agglutinating antibody
Immune antibody
Incomplete antibody
Warm antibodies
IgG
IgG order (best to less efficient)
IgG 1
IgG 3
IgG 4
IgG 2
All IgG can fix the complement except
IgG 4
Known as Macroglobulin and is found mainly INTRAVASCULARLY.
Immunoglobulin M
Also known as Agglutinating Ab / complete Ab / non-immune Ab
Immunoglobulin M
The five monomeric units are held together by a
J or joining chain
Number of valence/ antigen binding sites of Immunoglobulin M
10
Predominant immunoglobulin in secretions such as tears, saliva, colostrum, milk, and intestinal fluids.
Immunoglobulin A
An immunoglobulin that is an anti-inflammatory
A monomer and mainly found in serum
IgA 1
An immunoglobulin that is resistant to proteolysis
A dimer and mainly found in secretions
IgA 2
Protects IgA from digestion by proteolytic enzymes and acts to facilitate the transport of IgA to mucosal surfaces
Secretory/Vesicle component
An immunoglobulin that is capable of acting as opsonin
IgA
Aggregates of IgA can activate what type of complement pathway
Alternative pathway
Immunoglobulin D was found in patient with
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of
Plasma cell
IgD function as
Immunoregulation
IgD may play a role in regulating
B cell maturation and differentiation
An immunoglobulin that is primarily a cell membrane Ig found on the surface of B cells
IgM
IgD
It is an immunoglobulin that is extremely susceptible to proteolysis because of its unusual long hinge region
IgD
The least abundant immunoglobulin in the serum
IgE
Tt is an inflammatory antibody
Heat labile antibody
IgE
IgE is also known as
Inflammatory antibody
Reaginic antibody
It mediates some types of hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions, allergies, and anaphylaxis and is generally responsible for an individual’s immunity to invading parasites
IgE
no antibody is detectable.
Lag phase
the antibody titer increases logarithmically.
Log phase
the antibody titer stabilizes.
Plateau phase
the antibody is catabolized.
Decline phase
An immortal cell capable of producing an indefinite sequence of nucleotides
Hybridoma Cells
Formation of a hybridoma in monoclonal antibody production. A mouse is immunized, and spleen cells (plasma or B cells) are removed.
Hybridoma Technology
In complement system what is the order of discovery
C1>2>3>4>5>6>7>8>9
In complement system what is the order of activation
C1>4>2>3>5>6>7>8>9>
It acts as a powerful opsonin
C3b
It acts as a Chemotaxin/attract WBC
C5a
It acts as an Anaphylatoxin
C3a, C4a, C5a
The most potent anaphylatoxin in complement cascade
C5a
Ions involved in the complement system
Calcium and Magnesium
C3 convertase of Classical and Lectin Pathway
C4b2a
C3 convertase of Alternative Pathway
C3bBb
Example of Single Diffusion, Single Dimension
Oudin’s Test
Rocket immune electrophoresis
Example of Single Diffusion, Double Dimension
Radial immunodiffusion
Double diffusion, Single Dimension
Oakley and Fulthrope (Modified Oudin)
Countercurrent Immuno-electrophoresis
Double diffusion, Double Dimension
Ouchterlony
Uses bacteria as the inert particles
Coagglutination
Reactions are based on competition between particulate and soluble antigens for limited antibody- combining sites, and a lack of agglutination is an indicator of a positive reaction.
Agglutination Inhibition
This type of testing has been used to detect antibodies to certain viruses, such as rubella, mumps, measles, influenza, parainfluenza, HBV, herpesvirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus.
Hemagglutination inhibition
