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MTAP 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is protozoans?

A
  • “kingdom of protista”
  • Unicellular eukaryotic organisms
  • No cell wall
  • Possess locomotory organs
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2
Q

what are the locomotory organs?

A

Cilia, Flagella, and pseudopodia

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3
Q

Very distinctive characteristics is the sausage-shaped gametocyte

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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4
Q
  • Old man’s face with glasses
  • Explosive watery diarrhea
A

Giardia intestinalis

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5
Q

Specimen used for Giardia intestinalis

A

Stool

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6
Q

Trophozoite having pseudopodia

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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7
Q

Entamoeba found in mouth or oral cavity, All inhabit in large intestine, except?

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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8
Q

Entamoeba that has only trophozoite stage; no cyst stage

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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9
Q

Entamoeba mode of Reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction

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10
Q

Entamoeba posses _____________ in its nucleus

A

Peripheral chromatin

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11
Q

What is the infective stage of the amoebas

A

Cyst

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12
Q

What is the infective stage of Entamoeba gingivalis

A

trophozoite stage

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13
Q

non-pathogenic that they do not cause disease

A

Commensals

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14
Q

Only one that would be the clinically significant pathogenic member of this group

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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15
Q

Pathogenic member

A

E. histolytica

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16
Q

Non-pathogenic

A

E. coli

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17
Q

MOT of E. Histolytica and E. coli

A

Ingestion of Cyst

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18
Q

Habitat of E. histolytica and E. coli

A

Large intestine

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19
Q

Usual size of E. histolytica

A

15-20 um

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20
Q

Usual size of E. coli

A

20-25 um

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21
Q

MOVEMENT of E. histolytica

A

progressive (from point A to point B) unidirectional

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22
Q

MOVEMENT of E. coli

A

Sluggish; Non- progressive (Physically moving but stays in one place)

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23
Q

PSEUDOPODIA of E. histolytica

A

Fingerlike Hyaline (clear)

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24
Q

PSEUDOPODIA of E. coli

A

Blunt Granular

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25
Q

NUCLEUS of E. histolytica and E. coli

A

1 (trophozoite stage)

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26
Q

Peripheral chromatin of E. histolytica

A

Fine, Smooth, Even

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27
Q

Peripheral chromatin of E. coli

A

Course, Rough, Uneven

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28
Q

KARYOSOME of E. histolytica

A

Centrally located small

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29
Q

KARYOSOME of E. coli

A

Eccentric Large

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30
Q

CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS of H. histolytica

A

Clean looking

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31
Q

CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS of E. coli

A

Dirty looking

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32
Q

REMEMBER : ingested Red blood cells

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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33
Q

REMEMBER: ingested bacteria, yeast and other debris

A

Entamoeba coli

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34
Q

E. hisolytica
Usual size : _______
No. of nuclei : _____
Karyosome : ________
Chromatoida I bar : ________

A
  • 12-15 um
  • Up to 4 (Quadrinucleated)
  • Centrally located
  • Sausage shaped or Cigar shaped
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35
Q

E. coli
Usual size : _______
No. of nuclei : _____
Karyosome : ________
Chromatoida I bar : ________

A
  • 15-25 um
  • Up to 8 - 10
  • eccentric
  • Splinter, witchbroom or broom stick in appearance
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36
Q

energy sources of cysts and made up of RNA

A

Chromatoidal Bar

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37
Q

Seen in both cysts

A

Glycogen vacuoles

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38
Q

Method of detecting parasites

A

Microscopy

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39
Q

also referred as Laredo Stain

A

E. moshkovskii

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40
Q

Disease manifestation of E. histolityca

A

Intestinal amebiasis and Extraintestinal amebiasis

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41
Q

Occurs mainly in the liver, Also affect the brain and lungs

A

Extraintestinal amebiasis

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42
Q

Virulence factors of E. histolityca

A
  • Lectin (attachment)
  • Amebapores (formation of holes/pores)
  • Cysteine Proteinases(Spreads/ Tissue destruction)
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43
Q

treatment for E. histolytica

A

Metronidazole
Diloxanide furoate for asymptomatic cyst carrier

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44
Q

Recommended culture for E. histolytica

A

Robin Inoki Medium

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45
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for E. histolytica

A
  • stool exam
  • Formalin ether concentration Technique
  • culture
  • Serology
  • Rectal biopsy
  • Examination of liver aspirates
  • Molecular techniques
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46
Q

A small race of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Entamoeba hartmanni

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47
Q

Amoeba of pigs and monkeys

A

Entamoeba polecki

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48
Q

“Basket of flowers” appearance of karyosome

A

Iodamoeba butschlii

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49
Q

Presence of 4 nuclei in the cyst. “cross-eyed cyst”: Eccentrically located karyosome.
“Blot-liked karyosome”

A

Endolimax nana

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50
Q

No cyst stage, capable of ingesting WBCs, and has only 1 nucleus
SPECIMEN: MOUTH SCRAPINGS

A

Entamoeba gingivalis

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51
Q

Used to distinguish E. polecki and E. chattoni

A

Molecular methods

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52
Q

Habitat for free living amoeba

A

lakes, pool, tap water, air conditioning units and heating units

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53
Q

brain eating amoeba

A

Naegleria fowleri

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54
Q

What do you call a parasite that is free living in a parasitic phase?

A

Facultative parasite

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55
Q

MOT of E. Naegleria fowleri

A

Entry to olfactory epithelium
respiratory tract
Skin and Sinuses

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56
Q

INFECTIVE STAGE for N. fowleri

A

Trophozoite
Amoeba form: “Limax form”
Flagellate

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57
Q

DISEASE ASSOCIATED to N. fowleri

A

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (very fatal)

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58
Q

LAB DIAGNOSIS for N. fowleri

A

Usually post-mortem
CSF exam
Culture
PCR
Immunofluorescence

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59
Q

It is a free living amoeba and usually larger in size

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

60
Q

Example of Acanthamoeba spp.

A

A. culbertsoni
A. castellanim
A. polyphaga

61
Q

MOT of Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Entry through nose
Break in skin

62
Q

Infective stage of Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Cyst
Trophozoites

63
Q

Presence of acanthopodia (spiny projections)

A

Trophozoites

64
Q

Presence of double cyst wall

65
Q

Cyst wall
Outer wall: ______
Inner wall: ______

A

Wrinkled
Polygonal or poly hedral

66
Q

Diseases associated to Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis
Amebic keratitis
Cutaneous lessions; sinusitis

67
Q

Chronic, Usually occur in immunocompromised patients

A

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis

68
Q

Use of contaminated contact lens and contact lens solutions

A

Amebic keratitis

69
Q

Usually seen among AIDS patients

70
Q

LAB DIAGNOSIS for Acanthamoeba spp.

A
  • Brain biopsy
  • Corneal scrapings (eyes)
  • Calcofluor white (keratitis)
  • skin biopsy
  • CSF exam
  • Staining of Cyst with PAS
  • Indirect IF
    \
71
Q

Between acanthamoeba and Naegleria disease, which of the two will first die?

72
Q

Pathogenic intestinal flagellate
Zoonotic

A

Giardia lamblia

73
Q

Reservoir of G. Lamblia

A

Beavers (important carriers)

74
Q

MOT of G. lamblia

A

Ingestion of Cyst

75
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE of G. lamblia

A

Cyst and trophozoites

76
Q

Trophozoites shapes

A

Bilaterally symmetrical Pear-shaped/Pyriform

77
Q

No. of Nuclei and No. of Flagella of G. lamblia

78
Q

Characteristics appearance of trophozoites of G. lamblia

A

“Old man’s face with glasses”, “Someone is looking at you”
Side view: curved spoon

79
Q

Motility of G. lamblia

A

Falling leaf

80
Q

Cyst shape of G. lamblia

A

Oval/football

81
Q

Virulence factor of G. lamblia

A

Ventral sucking disk
lectin

82
Q

Disease associated for G. lamblia

A
  • Giardiasis
  • Beaver fever (in the US)
  • Traveler’s diarrhea
  • Backpacker’s diarrhea
  • Gay bowel syndrome
83
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for G. lamblia

A
  • direct fecal smear/Stool exams
  • Concentration techniques
  • Stained smears
  • Entero-test also known as Beale’s string test
  • Duodenal aspirates
  • Serology
  • Molecular methods
  • biopsy
84
Q

Treatment for G. lamblia

A

Metronidazole

85
Q

Pathogenic (diarrhea)

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

86
Q

Cyst stage of Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Now confirmed present, rare (with 2 nuclei)

87
Q

Trophozoite of Dientamoeba fragilis

A

2 nuclei: Rosette-like

88
Q

MOT of dientamoeba fragilis

A

Transmission via or together with helminths eggs
Oral fecal

89
Q

Diagnosis of Dientamoeba fragilis

A
  • Identified in stained specimens
  • Molecular methods
  • Serology
90
Q

Pathology of Dientamoeba fragilis

A
  • Intermittent diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Eosinophilia
91
Q

Commensal flagellate residing the colon (large intenstine)

A

Chilomastix mesnili

92
Q

Trophozoites of C. mesnili

A
  • Asymmetric
  • Pear shaped
  • 4 flagella
93
Q

Motility of C. mesnili

A

Boring or Corkscrew

94
Q

Cytostome of C. mesnili

A

Refers to the mouth

95
Q

Cytostomal fibril of C. mesnili

A

Located near/beside the cytostome with a distinct feature of Sheperd’s crook

96
Q

Cyst of C. mesnili

A

Nipple/ Lemon shaped

97
Q
  • No cyst stage
  • Possess 4-5 flagella
  • Motility: Jerky
A

Trichomonas

98
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
a. Habitat: _____
b. MOT: ____
c. Nucleus: ____
d. Undulating membrane: ____

A

a. Urogenital area
b. - Intimate contact
- During infant delivery
- Use of contaminated underwear or towel
c. Ovoidal
d. Lateral portion 1/2 the body length

99
Q

Pentatrichomonas hominis
a. Habitat: _____
b. MOT: ____
c. Nucleus: ____
d. Undulating membrane: ____

A

a. Colon
b. Ingestion
c. Rounded (no peripheral chromatin)
d. Full body length

100
Q

Trichomonas tenax
a. Habitat: _____
b. MOT: ____
c. Nucleus: ____
d. Undulating membrane: ____

A

a. mouth ( tartar of teeth)
b. direct contact
c. ovoidal
d, 2/3 of the body

101
Q

Disease manifestation of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Trichomoniasis
MALES: Asymptomatic Pruritus vulva
FEMALES: Vaginal pruritus strawberry cervix

102
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS of trichomonas

A
  • Wet mounts of vaginal and urethral discharge, Stool Exam, Mouth scrapings
  • Permanent stained smears
  • Culture
  • Serology, antigen detection
  • molecular methods
103
Q

Presence of siderophil granules and biggest among the three

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

104
Q

Treatment

A

Metronidazole

105
Q

Can be mis diagnosed as vaginalis if the urine specimen was contaminated with stool

A

Trichomonas hominis or pentatrichomonas hominis

106
Q

Smallest among the three trichomonas and non pathogenic

A

Trichomonas tenax

107
Q

it is elongated with an anterior flagella and full body undulating membrane and posterior kinetoplast (identifier)

A

Trypomastigotes (

108
Q

It is elongated with an anterior flagella and 1/2 body undulating membrane and anterior kinetoplast

A

Epimastigotes (Crinthidia)

109
Q

It is elongated with an anterior flagella but has no undulating membrane

A

Promastigotes (Leptomonas)

110
Q

It has no flagella and it is rare which can be found intracellular

A

Amastigotes (Donovan Leishman)

111
Q

Vector for trypanosoma cruzi

A

Reduviid bug, Kissing bug, Triatoma

112
Q

MOT of Trypanosoma cruzi

A
  • Feces of the vector entering the bite wound; blood transfusion; organ transplant, transplacentally
113
Q

Disease Manifestation ACUTE PHASE for Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Chagoma; Romana’s Sign

114
Q

Disease manifestation CHRONIC PHASE for Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Enlargement of vital organ (heart, Esophagus)

115
Q

Disease manifestation for Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis

116
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Trypomastigote and Amastigote

116
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

A
  • Giemsa staining of CSF, Blood Lymph
  • Xenodiagnoses
  • Culture: Novy Mac Neal nicolle
  • Serology
  • Buffy coat
117
Q

Rhodesian/ East African sleeping sickness is caused by?

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

118
Q

Gambian/West African Sleeping Sickness is caused by?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

119
Q

Acute, rapidly progressing CNS stages takes place early less than 9 months (Anthropozoonotic)

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

120
Q

Chronic progression Trypanosomal Chancre, Winterbottom’s sign, Kerandel’s Sign
(Anthroponotic)

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

121
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma

A

Tse-tse fly

122
Q

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE of Trypanosoma

A

Trypomastigote

123
Q

Leishmania spp. Vector and MOT

A

Sandfly
Bite of infected vector, Organ transplant

124
Q

Presence of CUTANEOUS LESION that is called ________ and caused by ______________

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania toprica

125
Q

Presence of MUCOCUTANEOUS LESSION called _____ and caused by ______

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis

126
Q

Causes Kala-azar means Black fever also known as _______

A

Leishmania donovani
dumdum fever

127
Q

Among the three different species of Leishmania, what is the most severe?

A

Leishmania donovani

128
Q

Diagnostic stage for Leishmania spp.

A

Amastigotes

129
Q

LARGEST PROTOZOAN infecting man and reservoir is pigs

A

Balantidium coli

130
Q

Motility of Balantidium coli

A

Thrown ball or Rotary movement

131
Q

Cyst of Balantidium coli

A

Doubled walled; refractive cyst wall enclosing the cilia

132
Q

Disease manifestation of Balantidium coli

A

Balantidiasis

133
Q

Clinical manifestation of Balantidiasis coli

A

Bloody diarrhea
Flask-shaped ulcers
Extra intestinal spread

134
Q

Treatment for Balantidiasis coli

A

Metronidazole

135
Q

VIRULENCE FACTOR of Balantidium coli

A

Hyaluronidase

136
Q

How to tell if it is a cyst or a trophozoite?

A

Cilia exposed: trophozoite
Cilia inside: cyst

137
Q

Intracellular parasites with a presence of the apical complex

A

Phylum apicomplexa

138
Q

found mostly in Africa, the common cause of malaria in the Philippines

A

Plasmodium falciparum

139
Q

Causes simian malaria among monkeys, Primary endemic area - Southeast Asia

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

140
Q

Sexual reproduction of the parasite happens in the __________

A

Intermediate host (human)

141
Q

Asexual reproduction happens in the ___________

A

final host (female anopheles mosquito)

142
Q

Is the major specie of anopheles carrying malaria in the Philippines

A

Anopheles minimus flavirostris

143
Q

known as the night biter

144
Q

Infective Stage to Mosquito

A

Macrogametocyte(female)
Microgametocyte (Male)

145
Q

Relapse is the activation of ______ and undergo shizogony again

A

Hypnozoites

146
Q

Not a true relapse. Low level of parasitemia

A

Recrudescence

Parasitology (2 decks)

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