MT2 Flashcards
Infertility in >35 years
No conception after 12 months of intercourse without contraception
Infertility in >35 years
No contraception after 6 months of intercourse without contraception
Two types of infertility
1’ and 2’
Primary infertility
With nulligravida
Define nulligravida
No pregnancy
Secondary infertility
History of prior pregnancy
Pregnancy rates after infertility diagnosis
2%
Female causes of infertility = prevalence of pelvic factors (%)
35%
Pelvic factors of infertility (4)
Infection
Surgical history
Contraception and pregnancy history
Menstrual cycle abnormalities
Pelvic factors of infertility: infection (5)
PID STI Septic abortion EndoMETRITIS Pelvic TB
Ovulatory factor of infertility prevalence (%)
15
ovulation factors of infertility (8)
2' amenorrhea Abnormal uterine bleeding Lateral phase defect (short cycle) Premature ovarian failure (early menopause) PCOS (high androgen) Elevated prolactin Hypothyroidism Prior use of anti-estrogens
List some anti-estrogens (3)
Lupron
Depo-provera
Dana zoo
Pelvic factors of infertility: surgical history (5)
D/c Ruptured appendicitis EndoMETRIOSIS Adenexal surgery Fibroids
Pelvic factors of infertility: contraception and pregnancy history (4)
Prior IUD use
DES exposure in-utero
Ectopic pregnancy
Habitual abortion
Pelvic factors of infertility: menstrual cycle abnormalities (3)
2’ amenorrhea
EndoMETRIOSIS
Cyclic abdominal or pelvic pain
Other causes of infertility (not ovulatory or pelvic factors) (7)
Delayed childbearing Overweight (bmi>25) or underweight (<18) Insulin resistence Depression Substance abuse (alcohol, MJ, caffeine, tobacco) Malabsorption (celiac) Unexplained (15%)
Male factors of infertility (35%) (4)
Varicocele (42%)
Unexplained (22%)
Obstructive azoospermia (14%)
Undescended testis (3%)
Normal FSH levels
<10-15 mIU/mL
Normal E2 level
<80pg/mL
Mid cycle US to assess what? (2)
Follicle growth
Endometrial lining
HSG to assess what? (1)
Latency of fallopian tubes
How can you document ovulation? (3)
- Midluteal phase progresterone level
- Basal body temperature
- Urinary LH kits
At what level of the midluteal phase progesterone would one need supplementation?
<25 = need progesterone (crinone)
D14 untilmenses or week 10-12 of pregnancy
Evaluation of male partner begins with what analysis?
Semen
When should semen analysis be performed?
After 2-5 days of abstinence
According to WHO criteria, what are the 4 normal factors of semen analysis?
- Volume 2-5 mL
- > 20 million/mL sperm number
- Motility >50% or >25% rapid, forward motility
- 35% normal morphology
After diagnosis with infertility, to whom do you refer? (6)
Reproductive endocrinologist Gynecologist Urologist Naturopathic physician Acupuncturist Psychologist
First step of complementary therapies to aid in infertility
Address basic issues of diet and lifestyle
Study of >2000 couples with successful pregnancy factors:
Longer time to pregnancy (TTP) if
- smoking, alcohol, fat, caffeine.
Those with >4 negative lifestyle variables = 7x longer TTP, conception probabilities decreased significantly, and if they did get pregnant, had more fertility issues
PCOS and BMI >25 notes
Lose weight = become more fertile!
>5% restored menstrual regularity in 89%
High protein vs. high carb diet x 1 month in PCOS patients achieved what effect?
Significant BMI improvements, metabolic markers and ovulation/menstrual cycle.
Excess abdominal fat = strongly related to what
Reproductive disorders!!!’
- related to insulin resistance, particularly in infertile women with PCOS
Daily exercise and whole foods diet low in processed foods, alcohol and caffeine had what effect?
Normalize weight and blood sugar!
CONSUMPTION OF FISH AND INFERTILITY!?!?!? (3 points)
Unexplained infertility in females = higher blood mercury
Males with abnormal sperm = higher blood mercury concentrations
Blood mercury concentrations = positively correlated with quantity of seafood consumption
Celiac disease causes what? Adherence to what may improve fertility?
Deficiency in number of nutrients.
Adherence to gluten free diet may improve fertility
News on caffeine and fertility?
Pretty much, just don’t.
Each hour of vigorous activity associated with what
7% lower risk of ovulation infertility
Regular exercise before IVF may do waht
may negatively affect outcomes
Women who exercise >4h / week x 1-9 years (3 factors)
40% less likely to have live birth
3x more likely to cancel cycle
2x’s as likely to have implantation failure or SAB
Women who participated in aerobic exercise =
30% less likely to have live brith vs. nonexercisers
Past or current stress, especially depression may be the cause of what?
Many cases of unexplained infertility
Stress hormones have what effect on the reproductive system
Inhibitory effects, thus stress needs to be addressed in anyone receiving fertility svcs.
Techniques for stress reduction (8)
Biofeedback Individual.couple therapy Progressive muscle relaxation Acupuncture Yoga Tai chi Qi gong Meditation
Improvement 2 fold vs. no accupuncture is seen where?
IMPROVEMENT OF PREGNANCY RATES!
Pelvic US confirms that what modality can improve pelvic flow and thus improve fertility rates?
Acupuncture!!!!
Acupuncture may also be helpful with what 6 other conditions?
- Improving sperm
- Menstrual cycle regulation
- Ovulation
- Stress
- Anxiety
- Depression
Effects of acupuncture may be mediated through where?
Endogenous opioid peptides in CNS, particularly through beta-endorphin
Prenatal vitamins should include
Folic acid and iron
B12 deficiency may be associated with ? Thus causing what (2)
Menstrual cycle dysfunction; recurrent miscarriages and infertility
What has been shown to improve uterine blood flow and fertilization rates with prior failed IVF?
ARGININE!
ROS = increases risk for what and how? (4)
Infertility; negative effect on OOCYTE maturation, fertilization, embryo development and pregnancy
What deadly habit can increase ROS?
SMOKING!
Smokers had significantly lower levels of what compared to non=smokers
Follicular fluid beta-carotene
Smokers showed a significantly lower __ rate in comparison to non smokers
Fertilization
Follicular depletion of AO betacarotene occurs in response to oxidative stress imposed by ??
Cigarette smoke!
Overall, low AO has been found in?
WOMEN WITH INFERTILITY
Low magnesium/selenium = associated with
Infertility
What botanical may help lengthen lateral phase, decrease prolactin and restore ovulation?
Vitex = chaste tree
Green tea = related to reduced (3)
Food intake
Body weight
Blood levels of testosterone, estradiol, lepton, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, LH, glucose, cholesterol and TG
Lower levels of testosterone, estradiol, lepton, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, LH, glucose, cholesterol and TG were seen with consumption of what yummy stuff?
Green tea
These two botanicals help to stimulate ovulation and improve ovarian function
Tribulus and rhodiola
Combination of tribulations and rhodiola =
Pregnancy prep by vitanica
Phytoestrogen supplementation for ? = ? (3)
luteal phase support resulted in higher values for implantation rate, clinical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy/delivered rate
Phytoestrogens supplementation increased __, __ and ___ plasma concentrations but were also found to reverse the deleterious effects of clomid on ___ ____ leading authors to conclude that the combo may increase pregnancy rates
FSH, LH and 17 beta-estradiol;
Endometrial thickness
Topical, oral or vaginal natural progesterone was found to (4)
- Normalize menstrual cycle
- Improve implantation rates
- Maintain pregnancy in women with history of repeated miscarriages
- D21 <25 may benefit from PT progesterone after ovulation until menses starts or week 10-12 of pregnancy
What - IF DEFICIENT - may improve ovarian function?
DHEA
Treatments for sperm (5)
Vit C, E, glutathione, lycopene and coQ10
AO’s improve what
Sperm quality and quantity
How do AO’s improve sperm quality and quantity?
Decreasing ROS
In suboptimal sperm, what AO’s are have beneficial effects?
Vit C Vit E Glutathione Lycopene CoQ10
What can decrease sperm DNA damage and improve motility
AO’s
200mg ____ improved fertilization rate of fertile Norma’s per ic males with low fertilization rates after 1 month treatment by reducing lipid peroxidation potential
Vitamin E
DNA fragmented sperm treated with (2)
VIt C and Vit E
Sperm motility problems treated with
L-acetyl carnitine alone or in combo with L-carnitine
Carnations may be of benefit post abx in __ or __
Bacterial prostatitis or post NSAID in abacterial prostatitis
Sperm count treatment (2)
Folic acid and zinc sulfate
Men with severe oligospermia
Phytoestrogens
In males, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana and alcohol have been correlated with
Poor sperm quality and quantity
Oligospermia correlated with low intake of
Fruit.vegetables
Neoplasm definition
Atypical cell growth
What classifications of neoplasms can you have (3)
Benign
Low malignant potential
Malignant
Complications of ovarian mass (5)
Torsion Rupture Infection Hemorrhage Malignant potential (- functional cysts)
Functional cysts (3)
Follicular cyst
Corpus luteum cyst
Theca leutein cyst
Neoplasms (1)
Desmond
Other ovarian masses (3)
Endometrioma
PCOS
Turbo-ovarian abscess
MC functional cyst
Follicular
Least common functional cyst
Corpus luteum
Rare functional cyst
Theca lutein
MC ovarian mass (also benign)
Functional cyst
This results from dominant follicle’s failing to rupture (1 of two causes)
Follicular cyst
This results from immature follicle’s failing to undergo normal process of atresia (1 of two causes)
Follicular cyst
How long do follicular cysts last
1-3 months
What are hemorrhagic/chocolate cysts?
Blood filling cavity of follicular cyst
What cysts are less common but more clinically important?
Corpus luteum cysts
Which cyst may be associated with normal endocrine function or prolonged progesterone secretion?
Corpus luteum cyst
This results if the sac doesn’t dissolve, but seals off after egg is released, thus fluid builds up inside
Corpus luteum cysts
When do corpus luteum cysts occur?
2-4 days post ovulation
How long do corpus luteum cysts last?
Resolve within a few weeks but can grow to 4 inches and may bleed or cause torsion
What is the chance of recurrence with corpus luteum cysts?
31%
These are almost always bilateral and asymptomatic
Theca lutein cysts
What is the cause of the ca lutein cysts?
Prolonged or excessive stim of ovaries by endogenous or exogenous gonadotropins
What are some examples of prolonged or excessive stimulation of ovaries by endogenous or exogenous gonadotropins? (5)
Multiple pregnancies (twins) Fertility drugs Molar pregnancies Choriocarcinoma Diabetics!!
Do theca lutein cysts resolve spontaneously?
Yes
How do you Discover functional ovarian cysts?
These are asymptomatic so they’re discovered during routine pelvic exam
What would you feel when doing a routine pelvic exam and discover a functional ovarian cyst?
Unilateral pressure, fullness or pain in lower abd.
What would the patient report with a functional ovarian cyst? (2)
Dull ache in lower back and thighs
Pain during sex
If producing excess hormones in a functional ovarian cyst, what are 3 symptoms?
Painful menstrual periods and abnormal bleeding
N/V
Boob tenderness
What are some immediate referral symptoms of functional cyst? (5)
P w/ fever/vomiting Sudden,severe abd. Pain Fainting, dizzy, weak Rapid breathing or herat rate (tachypnea, tachycardia) SHOCK
Desmond tumor/cyst AKA
Teratoma
Characteristics of teratoma? (4)
Monstrous growth
Has all 3 germ layers
Has skin, hair, glands, muscle, bone, teeth, eww, cartilage, respiratory/GI epithelium,, thyroid tissue
Benign OR MALIGNANT
Would we remove a teratoma?
Yes! Potentially also the ovary or both ovaries. This means they’ll go into menopause. She would also need estrogen and progesterone HRT.
Teratomas are rare?
VERY rare, but still a possibility
Teratoma epidemiology (5)
MC ovarian neoplasm in prepubescent girls and teens
50% 25-50 years old
Postmenopausal women 20% of all benign ovarian tumors
Incidentally discovered on pelvic exam or imagining (50% have calcification)
Removed due to malignant potential, although very low.
Endometrioma diagnostic tool
ULTRASOUND
Are endometriomas painful?
Can be painless to severely painful
If not resected, endometriomas frequently recur?
Yes
“Pelvic pain that is getting worse and worse”
Turbo-ovarian abscess
Endometrioma
Tissue that normally lines the uterus grows inside the uterus. OMG!!
What is a tubo-ovarian abscess?
Infection of tubo/ovarian junction
What is the common cause of turbo-ovarian abscess?
Gonorrhea/chlamydia
What are some symptoms of tubo-ovarian abscess? (4)
Tubal/ovarian swelling/enlargement
Pelvic pain
Fever
Vaginal discharge
What are two long term sequence of turbo-ovarian abscess?
Infertility (scarred uterine tubes)
Chronic pelvic pain (adhesions)
Ovarian mass malignancy risk PREMENOPAUSAL
13%
Ovarian mass malignancy risk POSTMENOPAUSAL
45%
Ovarian mass malignancy risk in women over the age of 40
90%
What is the 5th leading cause of cancer deaths?
Ovarian cancer (because by the time there are symptoms, it is usually quite advanced. It’s a silent killer!)
This accounts for 50% of all GYN cancer deaths
Ovarian cancer
Peak age of ovarian cancer?
60-65
Ovarian cancer risk factors (10)
Family history Nullparity Early menarche Late menopause Fertility promoting drugs Geography Ethnicity Sedentary lifestyle High fat diet Endometriosis
Ovarian cancer risk factors: family history of what 5 cancers? And what two genes?
Boob, ovarian, colon, prostate, pancreatic;
BRCA1/2
Nullparity = increased risk of ovarian cancer d/t
Uninterrupted ovulation
Early menarche as an ovarian cancer risk would mean before _ years of age, late menopause > _ years of age, with a total overal period cycle of over _ years
14
55
10
Ovarian cancer risk increases in what two areas, and is lowest where?
Northern america and europe;
Japan
This ethnicity has increased risk of ovarian cancer (higher incidence vs. mortality rate)
Ashkenazi jewish
Clinical symptom presentation (7)
Often asymptomatic until late stage
Pressure - associated with large mass size (may be LBP)
Pain - associated w/ rupture, torsion/hemorrhage, cancer, functional cyst (May be LBP)
GI sx’s: nausea, epigastric upset, gas/bloating
Menstrual abnormalities - oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, DUB
Hormonal changes: feminization/masculinization
Cancer sx’s: mass, weight loss, night sweats, anemia, ascites
What two clinical symptom presentations may present as low back pain in ovarian cancer
Pressure and pain
What labs are you going to utilize to diagnose ovarian cancer? (5)
HCG, CBC, renal/LFT, tumor markers -Ca125, CEA
What radiographic evaluation are you going to use when diagnosing ovarian cancer?
Pelvic US - complex mass in postmenopausal women is highly suspicious
Pelvic exam with rectovaginal will aid in diagnosis of waht cancer
Ovarian
What x-rays would you consider in combination of labs, pelvic US and pelvic exam with recto vagina lol for ovarian cancer?
CXR, CT scan (consider d/t hx and evaluation and labs)
Does elevated CA-125 mean cancer?
No false positives.
elevated CA-125 can also indicate these 5 false positives:
Fibroids Benign ovarian tumors Adenomyosis Endometriosis PID
USPSTF recommends against routine screening for what cancer
Ovarian
Why would USPSTF recommend against routine screening for ovarian cancer?
D/t highly invasive diagnostic testing folllowing a positive. There are a lot of false positives. And there is small effect on overall mortality from early detecting.
Thus potential harms outweigh benefits of screening.
Stage 1 ovarian cancer % and 5 year survival
25%, 75-100%
Limited to ovaries
Stage 2 ovarian cancer % and 5 year survival
10%, 45-60%
Pelvic extension
Stage 3 ovarian cancer % and 5 year survival
42%, 15-50%
ABDOMINAL LYMPH SPREAD
Stage 4 ovarian cancer % and 5 year survival
23%, 5%
MALignant pleural effusion, METS to liver. :(
DDX for ovarian cancer (7)
Ectopic pregnancy (B-HCG) Infectious (hydrosalpinx, turbo-ovarian abscess) Functional cyst Endometriosis Neoplasms (benign and malignant) METS disease Masses in adjacent tissues or organs
What is the gold standard for diagnosing ovarian mets?
ULTRASOUND
Physical exam of patient with ovarian mass (5)
Lymph node survey Breast exam (ovary = common site for mets) Abdominal exam Bimanual exam Rectovaginal exam
What are you looking for in a Bimanual exam of a patient with ovarian mass? (4)
Estimate size
Location
Consistency and
Mobility
What are you looking to assess in a rectovaginal exam in an individual with ovarian mass?(5)
Posterior uterine surface, uterosacral ligaments, parametric (Ct around uterus), posterior cul de sac and rectum
What are some characteristics of most likely benign ovarian masses on an ultrasound? (5)
Cystic Smooth Unilocular Unilateral Small (<5cm)
Consider laparoscopy when ovarian mass is … (4)
> 7-10cm
Continues to grow
Looks suspicious on ultrasound
With suspicious history, presentation and PE
How would one prevent ovarian cancer?
Nutrition and lifestyle Exercise, weight loss Breast feeding Hormonal contraception BI tubal ligation Prophylactic BI oophorectomy
nutrition and lifestyle: what are some points of interest to reduce ovarian cancer risk? (5)
Eliminate animal fats, saturated fats Eliminate alcohol (Esp. Wine) Quit smoking High fruits.vegetables especially when young Decrease cholesterol
What are some essential nutrients to consume to decrease risk of ovarian cancer? (5)
Beta carotene Vitamin C/E Isoflavones Folic acid Selenium
Common ovarian masses in newborn
Small functional cysts 1-2cm that regress in months
Common ovarian masses in premenarchal girls
Teratomas/Desmond’s
Common ovarian masses in reproductive age (6)
Functional cysts, endometriomas, tubo-ovarian abscesses, PCOS, ectopic pg, teratoma
Common ovarian masses in postmenopausal
MUST R/O cancer!
Increased risk of malignancy (1’ ovarian carcinoma and METS from uterus, breast or GI)
MAJORITIY OF CERVICAL CANCERS IN THE US OCCUR IN WOMEN WHO: (3)
Have never been screened
Have not been screened within past 5 years
Have not received appropriate follow up after abnormal pap smear
Squamous cells cover outside of? (2)
Cervix and vagina
Columnar cells cover what structure”?
Canal of cervix
Junction between two cell types is the
Transitional zone (SCJ)
What occurs in the SCJ?
Abnormal grow/dysplasia develops = 95% of all CIN.
Outside of cervix and vagina are covered in what type of cells
Squamous
Canal of cervix is lined by what kind of cells
Columnar
What is cerivcal dysplasia?
Disordered growth
- atypical or dysplastic growth
Amount of disorganization in cervical dysplasia is graded into mild moderate or severe. Number them.
Mild : CIN I (cervical intraepithelia neoplasia)
Moderate: CIN II
Severe: CIN III or carcinoma in situ
Dysplasia and carcinoma-in-situ =
All of the abnormalities are confined to the surface of the cervix
Invasive cancer
Cells are disordered throughout entire thickness of the lining and they invade the tissue underlying the surface
USPSTF found this about annual pap screens
Every 2-3 years after 3 consecutive normal annual paps = same outcome
This is old screening
2 types of pap tests
Conventional Liquid based (thinprep, sure path)
Conventional pap test sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity: 50-90%
Specificity >90%
Liquid based pap test sensitivity and specificity and what can it detect
Sensitivity 70-90%
Specificity >90%
Used to detect HPV, GC, CT
2500-3000 cervical cancer cases in US/year are in women with what
Normal pap tests
Bethesda classification of paps
Normal Atypia ASCUS CIN I CIN II CIN III CIS Cervical cancer
Atypia bethesda classification of paps
(NAtAsCIN3CisCc)
Variation of normal, such as irritation or inflammation
Ascus bethesda classification of paps
(NAtAsCIN3CisCc)
ASCUS: abnormal squamous cells of undetermined significance
Benign changes that should be monitored
CIN I bethesda classification of paps
(NAtAsCIN3CisCc)
MILD dysplasia
AKA LGSIL: low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
What grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is LGSIL?
CIN II
What two grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are high grade? HGSIL
CIN II, CIN III
What does CIN stand for?
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CIN II bethesda classification of paps
(NAtAsCIN3CisCc)
MODERATE dysplasia
Aka HGSIL
CIN III Bethesda classification of paps
(NAtAsCIN3CisCc)
SEVERE DYSPLASIA
Aka HGSIL
CIS bethesda classification of paps
(NAtAsCIN3CisCc)
Carcinoma in situ
PRECANCER
(Remember carcinoma in situ = localized one area/layer of dysplasia. Not whole area of dysfunction like cancer)
HOW is cervical dysplasia and HPV detected?
Normal pap results and negative HR-HPV => high negative predictive value
Risk factors for cervical dysplasia and cancer (10)
Lack of screening Early sexual activity High lifetime number of sexual partners (>3) Smokers (2x!!) HPV (10x!!) OC use >5 years Multiparity History of STI's DES exposure in uterine Steroid use
Decreased risk of cervical dysplasia and cancer
Barrier contraception use = decreased HPV transition and speeds regression of both penile and cervical lesions
Quit smoking
STOP OCP
T/f: cervical cancer in women under 19 years of age is rare
True. Because it takes ~3 years for a persistent HR-HPV to cause mutations
T/F HPV is not contagious during intercourse
FALSE
T/F condom use is completely protective against HPV
FALSE. The virus can spread through skin to skin contact
HPV is found in
> 70% of sexually active adults
Only 1% of HPV carriers develop what
Venereal warts
In teens and early 20’s, 70%. Of HR-HPV and 90% LR HPV types regress after 3 years?
Yes
HR-HPV = ? And more likely to result in HSIL that lead to what
high risk HPV strains are more likely to result in high grade lesions (HSIL) that lead to cervical cancer
LR-HPV strains
Cervical changes less likely to be precancerous
LR-HPV may cause
Venereal warts
Bad news… rates of progression of carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer range from…
22-60% when followed more than 10 years
Are there early signs or symptoms for HPV? Maybe (2)
No!
Cervical discharge
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Good news: (5)
HPV Vaccine
Usually slow growing
Paps for early detection
70-90% infections are transient and resolve without intervention
If detected early = treatment is minimally invasive
If partner presents with abnormal pap, what then? What diagnostic test?
COLPOSCOPY!
What the flip is colposcopy??
Direct magnification and viewing of cervix, vulva, vagina or perinatal tissue plus biopsy of tissue
Colposcopy is direct magnification and viewing and biopsy of what 4 tissues
Cervix
Vulva
Vagina
Perinatal tissue
What indicators would make one order a colposcopy? (7)
Persistent ASCUS, LGSIL, 2 consecutive abnormal paps
ASCUS/LGSIL in patient unlikely to f/u
Persistent cervical inflammation on pap smear
ASCUS atypical glandular cells on pap
Persistent cervical bleeding
Hx DES exposure (DES daughter)
HIV + PATIENT
What does it mean when i have been diagnosed with ASCUS, ATYPIA OR CIN 1? (3)
Goes awa without treatment.
F/u with pap tests every 4 months in 1st year, 6 months in 2nd year
CIN II treatments for persistent lesions
What does it mean when i have been diagnosed with CIN II? (3)
Most don’t go away, treatment is recommended.
Cryotherapy
Loop excision (LEEP)
Pap tests every 4 months in 1st year, every 6 months in 2nd
What does it mean when i have been diagnosed with CIN III, CIS or cancer? (6)
Treatment or follow up provided by GYN oncologist
Surgical treatment recommended
LEEP
Confiscation or laser beam treatment
Hysterectomy (advanced stages)
Paps every 4 months in 1st year, 6 months in 2nd
What is cryotherapy?
Probe is placed against cervix, damages cells by freezing them. They then shed over next month in heavy watery discharge
Is depth hard to control in cryotherapy?
Yes
Cryotherapy has high failure rate for what?
Treating large areas of dysplasia and areas that extend into the cervical canal a
How does a LEEP work? (4)
Fine wire loop with electrical energy flowing through it.
Tissue removed => sent to lab.
Under local anesthesia
Causes little discomfort
LEEP is good for both treatment and diagnosis?
Yes
What is conization?
Removes con-shaped piece of cervix.
Confiscation is good for both treatment and diagnosis?
Mainly diagnosis, but might have removed all of undamaged tissue as well
Conization has high success rate but may interfere with what
Future child bearing.
Decreases integrity of the cervix.
Alternative/supportive treatments to cervical dysplasia (4)
Lifestyle
Nutrition
Vaginall suppositories
Supplements
What are some lifestyle changes for cervical dysplasia? (3)
Quit smoking, diet, exercise
What is a good diet to aid in cervical dysplasia (2)
Diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes.
One that is high in vitamin C, beta carotene and folic acid
Low amounts of vitamin C, beta carotene and folic acid have been associated with higher incidence of what?
CIN and HPV
What vaginal suppositories have been beneficial for cervical dysplasia treatment? (3)
Green tea
Vitamin A and herbal compound
Riboflavin (B2) may cause regression of CIN
What supplements for cervical dysplasia? (5)
AO reduce risk of CIN and cancer Folic acid and beta carotenes Pyridoxine (b6) Selenium zinc
What is DES?
Diesthylstilbestrol
Synthetic non-steroidal estrogen
What was the use of DES in 1938-1971
Prevent miscarriage and other pregnancy complications
What does DES cause?
Early onset cancers in daughters!
Daughters exposed to DES in uterine have higher rates of (5)
Structural/reproductive tract anomalies Vaginal/cervical dysplasia and adenocarcinoma Infertility Poor pregnancy outcomes Autoimmune disorders
Males exposed to DES in uterine have higher rates of (2)
Structural reproductive tract anomalies
Infertility
Suggested screening intervals for DES daughters (4)
First pap of onset of menses or intercourse
Baseline colposcopy after onset of intercourse
Vaginal and cervical paps every 6-12 months until 30 years old
After that, yearly cervical and vaginal paps
Lymph flow
Breast -> Axilla -> supraclavicular
Ancillary regions of lymph flow (4)
Pectoral
Central
Lateral
Subscapular
Lymph flow from breast (4 regions)
Supraclavicular nodes
Cervical nodes
Opposite boob
Abdominal lymphatic
What else are you looking for when palpating supraclavicular nodes?
Virchows’ to ddx pancoast tumor
Where is most common site for fibrous cystic changes (benign) and/or malignant disease?
UOQ (upper outer quadrant)
Note underwire compression thus may have some texture here
What is the infframammary line?
Lower arc of the breast
Also a common fibrous area (Bras can add to thickening)
Areas of fibrous tissue are less worrisome if (3)
Symmetrical, painful, freely mobile
Clinical breast exam (CBE) is optimal when?
5 days post menses d/t decreased hormonal influence
In CBE waht are you inspecting? (8)
Size Symmetry Contour Skin color Thickening Prominent poor Nipple size/shape (flat, fixed, retracted, thickened) Rashes/ulceration
In CBE, palpation is systematic and thorough. Between what ribs do the breast lie?
Ribs 2-6, between eternal edge and midaxillary line
What must you include in your palpation in CBE?
Tail *UOQ->axilla
This includes ancillary, supra/infraclavicular and cervical nodes
What should you document in CBE of a breast mass? (8)
Location Size Consistency Mobility Tenderness Nipple d/c Skin changes Lymphadenopathy
Can CBE be used in lieu of mammography?
Heck no!
What are some breast disease/conditions? (7)
Mastalgia Fibroadenomas Cysts Fibrocystic breast changes Mastitis Introduction papilloma Nipple discharge
MC breast symptoms for which a woman consults her doc: (3)
Breast pain
Nipple d/c
Palpable mass
Extent of the evaluation for boob stuff depends on (3)
Nature of clinical problem
Age
Risk status
Mastalgia defintion
Breast pain/tenderness
Mastalgia is MC in
Premenopausal women
Is mastalgia a symptom of canceR?
No
Cancer presents with discomfort 5% of the time
Causes of mastalgia (6)
Hormonal PMS Trauma Acute infection M/S Cancer
PE>35 with mastalgia, consider?
Mammogram
Mastalgia: <35 with normal exam, consider mammogram?
No!
60-80% spontaneous remission with what boob condition?
Mastalgia
Symptoms may be improved or exacerbated with hormonal treatment for which condition of da boob?
Mastalgia
Fibroadenoma affects how many women
10% of women
Fibroadenoma = benign or malignant?
Benign!
What is fibroadenoma composed of?
Fibrous stroma
Fibroadenomas respond to what
Estrogen/progesterone.
Size may fluctuate with cycle
What are the characteristics of a fibroadenoma? (6)
Rubbery, firm, smooth, round, mobile, painless.
What would a mammography show of a fibroadenoma?
Solid, well-circumscribed, may be multilobulated/calcified (popcorn appearance!)
Up to 20% of women will have multiple lesions in hat boob condition?
Fibroadenoma
Age range of fibroadenoma
15-50, not common in menopause
Management of fibroadenoma?(5)
CBE Mammogram US Needle Bx Self limiting
Treatment for fibroadenemoa? (2)
Surgical excision
Watch And wait
Characteristics of simple cyst (3)
Fluid filled lesion
Soft, firm, mobile, well circumscribed, unilateral or bilateral, tender
Cyclical fluctuations
Age for simple cysts
15-50 like fibroadenoma ya?
Not common in menopause
In PE, how differentiate simple cyst from solid mass?
Can’t. Sucker
How do you diagnosis simple cyst? (4)
Mammogram, US, fine needle aspiration, maybe surgical biopsy
When would you consider surgical biopsy with simple cyst? (4)
If blood aspirate,
palpable mass doesn’t resolve with aspiration,
multiple recurrence in short period,
no fluid aspirated
What two diagnostic procedures would you utilize after treatment of a simple cyst?
CBE, mammogram
RECURRENT Large cysts shown to slightly increase waht
Cancer risk in some studies but not in others
Definition of fibrocystic breast changes (5)
Common, non-cancerous changes in boob tissue
Normal variant in 60% of women
Accompanied by swelling, pain, tenderness
Increased E, decreased P
Often resolves with menopause
Symptoms of fibrocystic breast changes (10)
Cyclical pain or constant Variable size High mobility Multiple nodules Premenstrual aggravation Diffuse swelling Tenderness Heaviness Itchy nips Usually UOQ
Methylxanthines found in
Coffee, tea, cola, chocolate and caffeinated meds
Prevention of fibrocystic breast changes (5)
Avoid caffeine and other methylxanthines Avoid exogenous estrogens Low animal fat diet Increased dietary fiber Symptoms may be improved or exacerbated with hormonal treatment (OCP, HRT)
How does low animal fat diet affect FBC?
Reduces severity of PMS breast tenderness and swelling
What are two foods to consume to rid of exogenous estrogens?
Legumes and flax seeds
Vitamin E’s affect on FBC
Relieves pMS symptoms including FBCs, normalize circulating hormones in PMS and FBD
Evening primrose oil (EPO) increases what
PGE 1&3
What are PG1&3?
Anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory
Mastitis definition
Infection seen during lactation or when skin disruption
UNILATERAL
Associated with lactating mother, improper latching. May allow staph aureus. REFER FOR ANTIBIOTICS
Mastitis presentation (8)
Fever Localized erythema Pain Induration N/V Malaise Fever Chills
Etiology of mastitis (3)
Staph aureus
S. Epidermis
Strep
Risk factors for mastitis (3)
Breast feeding
Trauma
Breast augmentation
Mastitis is MC when
First 2-4 weeks postpartum
Nipple retraction?
Chronic mastitis!
Gala to celebrate (blocked duct) is what
Obstruction of breast doc usually after lactation
Symptoms of galactocele
Tender and enlarged
Treatment of galactocele
Excise and drain, yo
Nipple discharge
Can be d/t benign causes but needs to be further assessed
What is the work up for nipple discharge(9)
Nature of d/c (serous, bloody, other) With mass? Uni/BI? Single or multiple duct Spontaneous or must be expressed Relation to menses Pre/postmenopausal Patient using OCPs/HRT Prolactinoma
How would you rule out a prolactinoma with nipple discharge?
Prolactin level and if elevated refer for brain imaging (this is like that grey’s episode!)
What symptoms of nipple discharge work up are concerning for boob canceR? (7)
Bloody discharge Mass Unilateral Single duct Spontaneous Postmenopausal Patient using HRT
Physiologic/benign discharge characteristics (4)
BI
Nonsponteanous (needs stimulation like contact or pressure)
Multiple ducts
Serous d/c can be caused by hormones. Eww
Pathological discharge MC cause=
INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA!!!!
Pathological discharge characteristics (4)
UNI
Spontaneous (intermittent, localized to one duct)
D/c = bloody, serous, serosanginuous or greenish grey)
D/c secondary to breast carcinoma mAY BE ANY COLOR
Discharge 2’ to boob carcinoma may be what color?
ANY COLOR, IT DON’T DISCRIMINATE!
Etiliogies of pathological d/c? (2)
INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA (BENIGN) Breast cancer
Galactorrhea
Inappropriate location in nonpuerperal woman
Nonpeurperal ?
During or after pregnancy
Galactorrhea characteristics
UNI/BI milky d/c
Check for high prolactin levels (order CT to r/o pituitary tumor)
What is introduction papilloma?
Papillary growth inside lactiferous duct
Introduction papilloma is bloody?
Or serous! Both!
How would you treat introduction papilloma?
Surgical excision b/c they tend to grow
Cause of subareolar abscess
Staph aureus or anaerobic organisms
Who gets subareolar abscess?
Women with inverted nipples
Increased risk of subareolar abscess after what
Nipple piercing haha
Treatment for subareolar abscess?
Antibiotics, drainage, duct excision
Subareolar abscess vs introduction papilloma… location. Inside/outside duct?
Subareolar abscess = outside duct
Introduction papilloma = inside duct
MC cancer in women
Breast cancer
Second leading cause of cancer deaths in women
Breast cancer.
1/3 of women diagnosed with breast cancer will die from it
Leading cause of death in women aged 40-55 years old
Breast cancer
Screening for breast cancer
Every 1-2 years with or without clinical breast exam starting at age 40