MT2

Question 1

Glucogenic

Answer 1

Metabolites that can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis

Question 2

Ketogenic

Answer 2

Metabolites that cannot be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis

Question 3

Aerobic respiration approx ATP yield

Answer 3

32

Question 4

Anaerobic resp approx ATP yield

Answer 4

2

Question 5

Regulation of the citric acid cycle (3)

Answer 5

Allosteric feedback inhibibition
Allosteric activation by ADP
Product inhibition

Question 6

Cataplerotic reactions

Answer 6

Are reactions that take intermediates of TCA cycle out to make other things.

Question 7

Anaplerotic reactions

Answer 7

Are reactions that replenish the intermediates of the TCA cycle

Question 8

pyruvate carboxylase anapleurotic or catapleurotic?

Answer 8

anapleurotic and gluconeogenic because it generates oxaloacetate from pyruvate using ATP

Question 9

Pyruvate: Aerobic oxidation

Answer 9

Pyruvate –> acetyl CoA and oxidation to the TCA cycle

Question 10

Pyruvate: anaerobic fermentation

Answer 10

cytosolic regeneration of NAD+

by production of lactate or ethanol

Question 11

Pyruvate: anapleurotic carboxylation

Answer 11

conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxyalse

Question 12

Reciprocal regulation of pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase by Acetyl-CoA

Answer 12

When Acetyl-CoA levels are high, it inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and activates pyruvate carboxylase.

Question 13

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Answer 13

catalyzes the IRREVERSIBLE oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

• provides oxalo so that the TCA cycle has enough intermediates to use the Acetyl CoA
• saves glucose when energy can come from fat

Question 14

Reactions forming QH2

Answer 14

Complex 1 oxidizes NADH
Complex 2 oxidizes succinate and then FADH2
Fatty acid oxidation produces QH2
Glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle indirectly

Question 15

cytochrome c

Answer 15

a small membrane soluble protein containing a heme prosthetic group

Question 16

P:O ratio

Answer 16

number of phosphorylations of ADP per number of oxygen atoms reduced.
Not a whole number because ATP synthesis is imperfectly linked to electron transport.
The rate of oxidative phosphorylation depends on the rate of fuel catabolism. Relies on having NADH and QH2

Question 17

Uncoupling in oxphos is?

Answer 17

Dissipation of the proton gradient without ATP synthase.
Achieved by uncoupling proteins or chemicals.
Some is always happening, and can help reduce free radicals.
May even cause ATP synthase to work in reverse, hydrolyzing ATP
Generates heat

Question 18

Chylomicrons

Answer 18

Transport triaglycerols from intestines to adipose and other tissues.
After TGs are taken up by the adipose tissue, the remaining lipoprotein is taken up by the liver

Question 19

VLDL

Answer 19

Transport TG from liver to adipose and other tissues.

After TG taken up by adipose tissue, the remaining lipoproteins have mostly cholesterol and are mostly LDL

Question 20

LDL

Answer 20

Taken up by peripheral tissues to get cholesterol.
LDL not taken up by cholesterol tissues are cleared by liver.
When levels are too high, LDL deposited into arterial wall.

Question 21

HDL

Answer 21

Transport cholesterol from tissues to liver.
Cholesterol excreted from liver.
High HDL counteracts cholesterol deposition by LDL

Question 22

What are lipoprotein classes important for?

Answer 22

Transport of highly insoluble lipids.

Question 23

Oxidation of very long chain fatty acids

Answer 23

In peroxisomes

No ATP yield

Question 24

Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 24

Require additional enzymes for degredation
Dehydrogenase for even number
Isomerase for odd number of double bonds
Lower energy yield than for fatty acids

Question 25

Oxidation of odd chain fatty acids

Answer 25

Yields propanoic acid, which is converted to succinyl coA

Only glucogenic option

Question 26

Oxidation of branched chain fatty acids

Answer 26

Branch points prevent B oxidation.

Broken down by a oxidation

Question 27

monosaccharides linked by ___ bonds

Answer 27

glycosidic?

Question 28

Light-harvesting complexes

Answer 28

membrane proteins that have pigments (eg chlorophyll)

Part of Photosystem 1 and 2

Question 29

reaction centres

Answer 29

The specific chlorophyll molecule where photosynthesis is occurring
The pigments around the reaction centre are ANTENNAE, they transfer absorbed light energy to the reaction centre
So each reaction centre used more energy than what is absorbed for itself.