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PSYC 304 > MT2 > Flashcards

MT2 Flashcards

1
Q

Convergence

A

Multiple inputs converge onto a single cell

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2
Q

Diverge

A

A single cell’s output diverges to other cells

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3
Q

Temporal Summation

A

When multiple EPSP’s (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) arrive at the same synapse in quick succession to produce an AP
- single neuron to another single neuron

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4
Q

Spatial Summation

A

when multiple EPSP’s (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) are fired simultaneously at different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron to produce an AP
- can be from multiple places

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5
Q

Sensory Transduciton

A

The process of converting physical energy into action potentials

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6
Q

[T/F] Sensory reception has no maximum or minimum

A

False

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7
Q

What is the labeled lines theory?

A

The brain recognizes distinct senses because the action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts

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8
Q

For the most part, what does a regular sensory pathway look like?

A

origin of sensation -> thalamus -> cortexes
- olfactory is the only perception

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9
Q

Different Visual Processes

A
  • Low Level Processing
  • Low Intermediate
  • Object Recognition
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10
Q

Accomodation

A

process of changing the lens’ shape

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11
Q

Pupil

A

Small opening that controls the amount of light entering the eye

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12
Q

Optic Disc

A

The area at the back where optic nerves and blood vessels enter the eye
- “Blind spot”

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13
Q

Photorecetpors

A
  • cells that detect light
  • rods and cones
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14
Q

Cones

A

C(olour)ones, ~6 million in the eye, contains opsin

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15
Q

Rods

A

For low-light vision, ~100 million, contains rhodopsin

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16
Q

Opsin

A

Light sensitive proteins

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17
Q

Receptive fields

A

Areas in the retina that detect change in visual stimuli, ~1mm in diameter

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18
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

represents 1 receptive field in your vision

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19
Q

Visual Pathway

A

Photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> RGC -> optic chiasm -> LGC -> Primary Visual Cortexes

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20
Q

Lateral Gengiculate Nucleus

A

Acts as a highway to bridge the cortex and the optic nerves, first level of processing is done here

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21
Q

Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

A

First station for higher order processing
contain hyper columns

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22
Q

Hyper-columns

A
  • orientation columns, ocular dominance columns, blobs and strips
  • For processing 1 receptive field in your visual field
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23
Q

V1, V2, V4, V5

A

As you go higher up the different cortexes the more complex processing it is doing

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24
Q

Dorsal- vs. ventral-stream

A

Dorsal (where), ventral (what)

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25
Q

Agnosia

A

Latin for lack of knowledge

26
Q

Ataxia

A

e.g., reaching for objects

27
Q

Apperceptive Agnosia

A

Ap-perceptive agnosia
lack of knowledge by perception (cant see the full picture)

28
Q

Associative Agnosia

A

lack of knowledge by recognition and association (can’t label)

29
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

facial recognition deficit

30
Q

Processes in the Ear

A

External Ear (captures sounds/air-compressions) -> Ear drum (converts air compressions into vibrations -> Ossicles (amplify vibrations to oval window) -> Oval window (converts vibrations to pressure waves in cochlea) -> Cochlea (will with fluid and hairs that transduces vibrations into act, sits above the basilar membrane) -> Basilar membrane (transduces movement from hair in cochlea to graded potentials)

31
Q

Why do hair cells in the cochlea handle afferent and efferent connections?

A

A(rriving CNS)fferent - sends sensory information to CNS
E(xiting CNS)fferent - will make hair cells longer or shorter, adjusting to acoustic environments

32
Q

What are the points of long and short hair cells in frequency sensitivity

A

Different frequencies (shorter -> higher frequencies)

33
Q

How does information from cochlea get to the cortex?

A

vestibulocochlear nerves

34
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Ear -> cochlear nerve -> cochlear nuclei (filter out self and non-self sounds) -> superior olive nucleus (localize sound) -> inferior colliculus (for reflexes) -> medial geniculate nucleus (part of the thalamus) -> auditory cortex (higher order processing)

35
Q

2 methods for localization of sound

A

inter-aural timing differences and inter-aural amplitude differences

36
Q

horizontal plane localization for sound

A

inputs move on a horizontal field, which neuron the inputs from the right and left ear meet is how you local sound horizontally

37
Q

vertical plane localization for sound

A

The use of your head’s shape and should will filter or enhance certain frequencies

38
Q

Vestibular System

A

determining orientation of the head through liquids in ear

39
Q

What are the 5 basic tastes

A

sweet, salty, bitter, umami, sour

40
Q

what are the 3 different zones on your tongue

A

circumvallate, foliate, fungiform

41
Q

what are papillae

A

bumps on your tongue that hold taste buds

42
Q

what are taste buds

A

A formation of taste cells

43
Q

what are taste cells

A

specific cells that are responsible for tasting a single flavour

44
Q

what is the science behind a super taster

A

They have more concentration of taste buds, especially bitter ones

45
Q

How is taste cortically processed?

A

In distinct areas of the brain

46
Q

How do we perceive odours?

A

molecules in the air that dissolve into our olfactory epithelium

47
Q

Anatomical Pathway for smell

A

olfactory epithelium (consists of sensory neurons) -> converge into olfactory buld (organization of converging neuron axons) -> olfactory glomeruli (convergence of specific smell receptors)

48
Q

What are the different layers of the skin

A

epidermeris (outermost layer) -> dermis (middle layer, has nerves) -> hypo-dermis (inner most layer, anchors skin to muscles)

49
Q

4 different cells for touch?

A

Meissner corpuscles (texture), Merkel cell (change in touch), pacinian corpuscles (vibrations), ruffini endings (skin stretch)

50
Q

What are the 2 adapting types for touch cells

A

rapid (signal change in touch), slow (signal constant touch)

51
Q

Touch receptive fields

A

Similar to vision receptive fields

52
Q

What are kinaesthetic receptors

A

responsible for knowing the location of limbs in 3D space (in muscles and joints)

53
Q

nociceptors

A

peripheral receptors that respond to pain

54
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain caused by lesion or disease in the somatosensory nervous system

55
Q

Opiates

A

Pain reducing drug

56
Q

Opioids

A

opiate-like peptides

57
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

Area of the brain responsible for pain perception

58
Q

what are placebo’s

A

bigger the pill, body better receives that medication (nothing biological, all mental)

59
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid antagonist, reduces the effects of opiates and opioids

60
Q

Analgesia

A

produced when under stress, regulates pain receptors

PSYC 304 (1 decks)

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