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PSYC 304 > MT2 > Flashcards

MT2 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Convergence

A

Multiple inputs converge onto a single cell

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2
Q

Diverge

A

A single cell’s output diverges to other cells

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3
Q

Temporal Summation

A

When multiple EPSP’s (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) arrive at the same synapse in quick succession to produce an AP
- single neuron to another single neuron

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4
Q

Spatial Summation

A

when multiple EPSP’s (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) are fired simultaneously at different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron to produce an AP
- can be from multiple places

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5
Q

Sensory Transduciton

A

The process of converting physical energy into action potentials

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6
Q

[T/F] Sensory reception has no maximum or minimum

A

False

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7
Q

What is the labeled lines theory?

A

The brain recognizes distinct senses because the action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts

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8
Q

For the most part, what does a regular sensory pathway look like?

A

origin of sensation -> thalamus -> cortexes
- olfactory is the only perception

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9
Q

Different Visual Processes

A
  • Low Level Processing
  • Low Intermediate
  • Object Recognition
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10
Q

Accomodation

A

process of changing the lens’ shape

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11
Q

Pupil

A

Small opening that controls the amount of light entering the eye

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12
Q

Optic Disc

A

The area at the back where optic nerves and blood vessels enter the eye
- “Blind spot”

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13
Q

Photorecetpors

A
  • cells that detect light
  • rods and cones
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14
Q

Cones

A

C(olour)ones, ~6 million in the eye, contains opsin

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15
Q

Rods

A

For low-light vision, ~100 million, contains rhodopsin

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16
Q

Opsin

A

Light sensitive proteins

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17
Q

Receptive fields

A

Areas in the retina that detect change in visual stimuli, ~1mm in diameter

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18
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

represents 1 receptive field in your vision

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19
Q

Visual Pathway

A

Photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> RGC -> optic chiasm -> LGC -> Primary Visual Cortexes

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20
Q

Lateral Gengiculate Nucleus

A

Acts as a highway to bridge the cortex and the optic nerves, first level of processing is done here

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21
Q

Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

A

First station for higher order processing
contain hyper columns

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22
Q

Hyper-columns

A
  • orientation columns, ocular dominance columns, blobs and strips
  • For processing 1 receptive field in your visual field
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23
Q

V1, V2, V4, V5

A

As you go higher up the different cortexes the more complex processing it is doing

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24
Q

Dorsal- vs. ventral-stream

A

Dorsal (where), ventral (what)

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25
Agnosia
Latin for lack of knowledge
26
Ataxia
e.g., reaching for objects
27
Apperceptive Agnosia
Ap-perceptive agnosia lack of knowledge by perception (cant see the full picture)
28
Associative Agnosia
lack of knowledge by recognition and association (can't label)
29
Prosopagnosia
facial recognition deficit
30
Processes in the Ear
External Ear (captures sounds/air-compressions) -> Ear drum (converts air compressions into vibrations -> Ossicles (amplify vibrations to oval window) -> Oval window (converts vibrations to pressure waves in cochlea) -> Cochlea (will with fluid and hairs that transduces vibrations into act, sits above the basilar membrane) -> Basilar membrane (transduces movement from hair in cochlea to graded potentials)
31
Why do hair cells in the cochlea handle afferent and efferent connections?
A(rriving CNS)fferent - sends sensory information to CNS E(xiting CNS)fferent - will make hair cells longer or shorter, adjusting to acoustic environments
32
What are the points of long and short hair cells in frequency sensitivity
Different frequencies (shorter -> higher frequencies)
33
How does information from cochlea get to the cortex?
vestibulocochlear nerves
34
Auditory pathway
Ear -> cochlear nerve -> cochlear nuclei (filter out self and non-self sounds) -> superior olive nucleus (localize sound) -> inferior colliculus (for reflexes) -> medial geniculate nucleus (part of the thalamus) -> auditory cortex (higher order processing)
35
2 methods for localization of sound
inter-aural timing differences and inter-aural amplitude differences
36
horizontal plane localization for sound
inputs move on a horizontal field, which neuron the inputs from the right and left ear meet is how you local sound horizontally
37
vertical plane localization for sound
The use of your head's shape and should will filter or enhance certain frequencies
38
Vestibular System
determining orientation of the head through liquids in ear
39
What are the 5 basic tastes
sweet, salty, bitter, umami, sour
40
what are the 3 different zones on your tongue
circumvallate, foliate, fungiform
41
what are papillae
bumps on your tongue that hold taste buds
42
what are taste buds
A formation of taste cells
43
what are taste cells
specific cells that are responsible for tasting a single flavour
44
what is the science behind a super taster
They have more concentration of taste buds, especially bitter ones
45
How is taste cortically processed?
In distinct areas of the brain
46
How do we perceive odours?
molecules in the air that dissolve into our olfactory epithelium
47
Anatomical Pathway for smell
olfactory epithelium (consists of sensory neurons) -> converge into olfactory buld (organization of converging neuron axons) -> olfactory glomeruli (convergence of specific smell receptors)
48
What are the different layers of the skin
epidermeris (outermost layer) -> dermis (middle layer, has nerves) -> hypo-dermis (inner most layer, anchors skin to muscles)
49
4 different cells for touch?
Meissner corpuscles (texture), Merkel cell (change in touch), pacinian corpuscles (vibrations), ruffini endings (skin stretch)
50
What are the 2 adapting types for touch cells
rapid (signal change in touch), slow (signal constant touch)
51
Touch receptive fields
Similar to vision receptive fields
52
What are kinaesthetic receptors
responsible for knowing the location of limbs in 3D space (in muscles and joints)
53
nociceptors
peripheral receptors that respond to pain
54
Neuropathic pain
Pain caused by lesion or disease in the somatosensory nervous system
55
Opiates
Pain reducing drug
56
Opioids
opiate-like peptides
57
Periaqueductal Gray
Area of the brain responsible for pain perception
58
what are placebo's
bigger the pill, body better receives that medication (nothing biological, all mental)
59
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist, reduces the effects of opiates and opioids
60
Analgesia
produced when under stress, regulates pain receptors

PSYC 304 (1 decks)

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