MT1 perception- receptive fields and neural analysis

Question 1

Who`showed that retinal ganglion cells have spatially concentric receptive fields

Answer 1

Kuffler (1953)

Question 2

Study showing the contingency requirements of some cells

Answer 2

A particular unti may require a bar is in a particular region of the visual field AND a particular direction AND a particular colour AND moving in a particular direction (Gouras, 1974)

Question 3

Study suggesting receptive fields get less specific as analysis gets more complex

Answer 3

Hubel and Wiesel (1968)- analyses of form and colour were progressively dissociated in areas 17 of the monkey’s cortex, only 7% of complex cells were colour coded

Question 4

Study suggesting receptive fields get mroe specific as analysis gets more complex

Answer 4

Yates (1974)- the more narrowly tuned a cell is to colour, the more likely it is to have comlex field properties

Question 5

Study suggesting there may be anatomically distinct centres for different stimulus properties analysis

Answer 5

Zeki (1974)- almost every cell in V4 that shows other stimulus requirements is also colour specific, but in another movement selective cortex area colour specificity is apparently absent

Question 6

Who argued receptive fields are like template ‘fly detectors’

Answer 6

Barlow, 1953

Question 7

Who argued receptive fields are like ‘bug detectors’

Answer 7

Lettvin et al (1959)- in frog retina and optic tectum

Question 8

Who argued receptive fields as ‘filters’

Answer 8

Lettvin et al, 1959

Question 9

Who argued for the use of lateral inhibition for receptive fields to act as filters

Answer 9

Ratliff and Hartline

Question 10

Who argued receptive fields act as spatial frequency analyers

Answer 10

Campbell and Robson, 1968

Question 11

Who argued receptive fields are ‘zero crossing’ detectors

Answer 11

Marr and Hildreth (1980)

Question 12

Study supporting receptive fields as templates for movement detection

Answer 12

Whitsel et al (1972)- cells sensitive to the direction a tactile stimulus is drawn across a particular area have been found in somatosensory area 1 in monkey cortex

Question 13

Who provided evidence for simple cell receptive fields being contructed from LGN cells

Answer 13

Fester and Miller (2000)_ simple cells receive excitatory and inhibitory inputs from alternating parallel rows of LGN cells aligned in a specific direction

Question 14

Who first discovered face cells in the AIT

Answer 14

Gross

Question 15

Properties of simple cells

Answer 15

Orientation selective, linear, bar shaped receptive field

Question 16

Properties of complex cells

Answer 16

Orientation selective, often directinoally selective, non-linear, larger receptive field

Question 17

Properties of hypercomplex cells

Answer 17

Orientation selective, often directinoally selective, non-linear, ‘end-stopped’

Question 18

What are the 3 kinds of theory for the role of concentric receptive fields

Answer 18

Templates, filters, zero crossing detectors

Question 19

Criticisms of receptive fields as templates

Answer 19

Circuitry and timing don’t make sense, hypercomplex cells criticised, grandmother cells, combinatorial explosion, principle of univariance

Question 20

Evidence for issues in the circuity proposed by Hubel an Wiesel

Answer 20

Hoffman and Stone (1971)- certain complex and hypercomplex cells seem to receive monosynaptic input from axons of LGN units rather than getting exclusive input from simple cells, as they respond with very short latency

Question 21

Study showing hypercompelx cells don’t really exist

Answer 21

Rose (1974)- many cells conventionally classed as simple or complex are ‘endstopped’, so there;s no basis for seeing hypercomplex cells are anything more than extreme cases of simple or complex cells

Question 22

Study showing hypercomplex cells fit easily into simple and complex cell descriptinos

Answer 22

Dreher (1972)- there are 2 types of hypercomplex unit, those with the properties of simple cells and those of complex cells

Question 23

Who proposed the ‘Gnostic unit’

Answer 23

Konorski (1967)- logical end point of combining features into ever more elaborate features, a receptive field to complex it responds to one complex pattern only

Question 24

Who proposed the concept of ‘grandmother cells’

Answer 24

Lettvin (1969)

Question 25

Who proposed the principle of univariance (criticms of template model)

Answer 25

Rushton-neurons tend to respond to mroe than one dimension of the stimulus, but can only vary their response in one dimension, rendering the output ambiguous

Question 26

Who said that the filtering process of convolution is ‘redundancy reduction’

Answer 26

Barlow

Question 27

Who argued about the tilt after-effect

Answer 27

Gibson (1937)- orientation of a line should be regarded as a simple sensory quality comparable to brightness.colour

Question 28

Who tried to explain neuroanatomically spatial frequency after effects in terms of channels

Answer 28

Campbell and Robson (1968)- th visual system contains channels tuned to particular spatial frequencies

Question 29

Who tried to explain spatial frequency after effect in terms of place coding

Answer 29

Von Bokesy (1929)- spatial frequenc after effect may be explained if different spatial frequencies are coded by different members of a different set of neurons, in a process involving adaption

Question 30

Evidence of the distance paradox for place coded stimulus dimensions

Answer 30

Blakemore and Sutton (1969)-distortion is greatest for test grating lying one half-one octave either side of the adapting frequency (frequency is doubled or halved)

Question 31

Study suggesting contingent after-effects may be more akin to conditioning

Answer 31

McCollough effect is dissipated much more quickly if the subject is repeatedly exposed to black and white gratings at the end of the adaptino period (Jones and Holding, 1975), resembling extinction of a learned response

Question 32

Study on movement after efects

Answer 32

Gibson (1937)- relevant stimulus features appear to change during the adaption process ie movement appears slower