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Radiology > MT1 - Nature of Radiation - 2 Qs > Flashcards

MT1 - Nature of Radiation - 2 Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What is radiation?

A

The production and emission of energy through space or a material medium

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of radiation?

A
  1. Particulate (Corpuscular) Radiation

2. Electromagnetic (non-particulate) Radiation

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3
Q

What kinds of particles are involved in particulate radiation?

A
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • Alpha particles
  • Beta particles
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4
Q

What types of energy are involved in elecromagnetic (EM) radiation?

A
  • Radi
  • TV
  • Radar
  • Infrared
  • Visible Light
  • UV
  • Gamma rays
  • X-RAYS*
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5
Q

How are EM waves grouped/categorized?

A

According to wavelength in the EM spectrum

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6
Q

At what speed to EM waves travel in air?

A

At the speed of light

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7
Q

What is another term for electromagnetic waves?

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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8
Q

What is the mass and charge of electromagnetic Radiation?

A

EM waves have no mass and no charge

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9
Q

How does wavelength correlate to frequency and energy?

A

Wavelength is inversely related to frequency and energy, therefore a shorter wavelength actually will have higher energy adn higher frequency (and vice versa)

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10
Q

How are x-rays defined?

A

X-rays are EM radiation with wavelengths shorter than UV but longer than gamma radiation

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11
Q

How are x-rays packaged?

A

As photons, packets, or weightless bundles

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12
Q

Are the energies and wavelengths of x-rays variable or constant?

A

X-rays have variable wavelengths and energies

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13
Q

Describe the effect of x-rays on biological molecules

A

X-rays cause ionization in biological molecules when they interact with the patient’s body.

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14
Q

How are x-rays produced?

A

Highly accelerated electrons are suddenly brought to a stop by hitting a stationary object, thus causing a fraction of the kinetic energy possessed by the high speed electron to be converted to x-rays.

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15
Q

Who was the 1st person to describe the structure of an atom?

A

Neils Bohr

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16
Q

What are the 4 parts of an atom?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Electrons
  3. Protons
  4. Neutrons
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17
Q

What part of the atom makes up over 99% of the mass?

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

What determines the identity of an element?

A

The number of protons (Z number)

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19
Q

What is Z number?

A

Z number is the atomic number, equivalent to the number of protons, which determines the identity of an element

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20
Q

How do Z number and the number of electrons in a neutral atom relate?

A

Z number will be the same as the number of electrons in a neutral atom

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21
Q

What is the A number?

A

A number is the atomic mass which is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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22
Q

What is the symbol designation for an element’s Z and A numbers?

A

Z number is written as subscript and A number is written as superscript

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23
Q

How is the charge of an electron related to the charge of a proton?

A

Electrons have a negative charge equal in magnitude to the positive charge of a proton

24
Q

How are orbital electrons arranged in the atom?

A

Electrons are arranged in definitive energy levels (shells or orbits) outside the nucleus at varying distances

25
Q

How are electrons kept in their orbits?

A

By electrostatic attraction and centripetal force

26
Q

How are orbits designated?

A

Orbits are lettered K, L, M, N, O, P and Q from innermost to outermost

27
Q

What is the maximum number of orbits in a given atom?

A

7 orbits

28
Q

Are orbits limited in the number of electrons they can hold?

A

Yes. There is a maximum number of orbits that each designated orbit can hold. K orbit can only hold 2 electrons, while Q, the outermost shell, can hold 98 electrons

29
Q

Define binding energy

A

Binding energy is the attractive force that keeps electrons in their orbit

30
Q

How are binding energy and the distance b/t the nucleus and an electron related?

A

Binding energy is inversely proportional to the square of the distance b/t the nucleus and the electron

31
Q

Which electrons are most vs least tightly bound to the nucleus?

A

K shell electrons are most tightly bound while outermost electrons in the Q shell are least tightly bound

32
Q

How is EM radiation created?

A

While moving an electron from an outer orbit to the one closer to the nucleus, energy is lost in the form of electromagnetic radiation

33
Q

How can an electron be removed from its orbit?

A

To remove an electron from its orbit, an energy greater than the binding energy must be supplied

34
Q

What electron shells are involved in x-ray production?

A

Electrons in K, L, and M shells

35
Q

How are Z number and binding energy related?

A

The higher the Z number, the higher the binding energy for any particular shell

36
Q

In particulate radiation, energy is transferred via _____

A

High velocity subatomic particle

37
Q

What kind of energy is associated with particulate radiation?

A

Kinetic energy (KE) is associated with particulate radiation

38
Q

How does KE relate to mass and velocity?

A

KE=1/2mV^2, therefore KE is DIRECTLY related to both mass and velocity

39
Q

How is energy usually supplied when using particulate radiation?

A

Via electricity

40
Q

What is the most common clinical application for particulate radiology?

A

Radiation therapy

41
Q

What is linear energy transfer (LET)?

A

The rate of loss of energy of a particle as it moves along its path in an absorber

42
Q

How is the mass and charge of a particle related to LET?

A

DIRECTLY related. The higher the mass and charge of a particle, the higher the RATE of TRANSFER of energy to the absorber

43
Q

How is the velocity of a particle related to LET?

A

INVERSELY related. The lower the rate of velocity of a particle, the higher the rate of transfer for energy to an absorber

44
Q

How is chemical composition (Z number), thickness, and density of the ABSORBER related to LET?

A

DIRECTLY related. Higher Z#, thicker and denser the absorber, the sooner the particle loses energy and is unable to travel.

45
Q

What travels with the least amount of LET, alpha, beta, or x-ray particles?

A

X-rays have the least rate of LET and therefore travel furthest and weigh the least. The travel thru tissues and are recorded on an image receptor

46
Q

What is another name for non-particulate radiation?

A

Electromagnetic radiation

47
Q

Describe energy transfer with EM radiation?

A

Transfer of energy thru space as a combination of electrical and magnetic fields

48
Q

Is EM radiation best described by wave theory or quantum theory?

A

Actually EM radiation is best described by a combination of both wave and photons (quanta)

49
Q

Why do we use a focusing cup when taking radiographs?

A

Due to the wave nature of EMR, EMR travels in all directions from its source, thus a focusing cup is used to direct the EMR toward the patient.

50
Q

Define wavelength

A

The distance between 2 successive crests of troughs. Measured in meters, or in the case of x-rays, measured in angstroms

51
Q

Define frequency

A

Number of oscillations, vibrations, waves, or cycles per second

52
Q

How does velocity relate to wavelength and frequency?

A

velocity = wavelength x frequency

53
Q

Does velocity of EMR in air vary?

A

NO! Velocity of all EMRs in air is the same (3x10^10 cm/sec)

54
Q

How are energy and velocity related?

A

Energy and velocity are directly related, therefore an increase in in velocity results in an increase in energy

55
Q

How are energy and wavelength related?

A

Energy and wavelength are inversely related, therefore an EMR with longer wavelength will have lower energy

Radiology (4 decks)

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