MT1

Question 1

Early assumptions in soc in medicine

Answer 1

1) The patient is the problem - not complying with med advice
2) Health is an indv concern

Question 2

Talcott Parsons

Answer 2

Structural Functionalism - society is based on large structures that have smaller roles within them that give people a place and sense of purpose within society
Critique - Only says what works in society; no call for change

4 Characteristics of Doctors

Question 3

4 Characteristics of doctors

Answer 3

1) Universalism - treat all patients the same
2) Neutrality - no judgement, just get patient well
3) Collective orientation - no excessive self interest/greed; only act for the good of society
4) Functional Specificity - Job is to heal the body; No advising on other matters

Question 4

Sociology of medicine

Answer 4

Medicine as an enterprise and the affects it has on society

Question 5

2 Claims of sociology of medicine

Answer 5

1) Disease is not just biological
2) Medicine’s status as a science is dubious (healing has happened historically and cross culturally in other ways and the mechanism of healing healing is always legitimized; Medicine is subject to myths, fads, religion; Placebo Affect)

Question 6

Parsons - Social Roles and health

Answer 6

Social roles have an affect on health - some people get more sick than others (diff stresses)
We can voluntarily enter into sickness - Placebo Affect opposite for varying reasons
Sick Role - own responsibilities and expectations

Question 7

Concept:
Disease is social but authority over it is given to medicine - it appeals to a system that assumes that disease is biological

Answer 7

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Question 8

Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm

Answer 8

Max Weber;
Challenge to Struc Funct; Micro perspective
Social Construction - we make our social reality through interpretations of interactions
Eg. negotiated order in hospitals
Stigma = social distancing /judgement based on a percieved characteristic of a person
Illness is defined as deviance (mentally ill)
Deviance is defined as illness (homosexuality)
Labelling = what makes a deviant behaviour considered that way is how we react to it

Question 9

Conflict/Materialist Paradigm

Answer 9

Marx and Engels;
Macro perspective with micro implications;
Economic inequality determines health inequality;
Medicine is a form of social control that favours the upper class;
1. Disease is impose on people by inequitable organization of society
2. Disease is preventable through better living conditions
3. Medicine’s focus on the individual helps capitalism through: (a) investments in health care sector; (b) self care industries

Question 10

Medicalization of society

Answer 10

Many things are under medical control - more and more things being seen as unhealth or in need of medical regulation.
Health has social value - good people are healthy and unhealthy people are lazy

Question 11

Patriarchy (medicine)

Answer 11

Ruled by men. Privileges men and makes the standard of health male
Science is associated with male traits, patients are associated with female traits

Question 12

Liberal Feminsm

Answer 12

Gender perspective.
Women have equal powers of rational reasons to men and should therefore me given the same rights;
Downplay biological differences;
‘Add women and stir’ - give women access to the structure of patriarchy, no call for change

Question 13

Radical Feminism

Answer 13

Sex perspective.
Romanticization of female body and criticism of maleness;
Men control female bodies through sex, sexual violence, and now in medicine too.
Patriarchy is intrinsic to the health care system (midwives, cosmetic surgery, gynocology, doctor/nurse relat)
Solutions: opt out of health care; self examination; midwives

Question 14

Materialist/Socialist Feminism

Answer 14

Marxism meets radical feminism;
Original form of oppression is social class.
Capitalism and patriarchy work together.
Women are objectified and controlled by men through medical capitalism (cosmetic surgery)
Men’s and women’s natures are made by their circumstances;
Wages for housework
***Male and female bodies are different, but what is made of this difference is social. Gender determines our understanding of sex.

Question 15

Postmodern Feminism

Answer 15

Focuses on differences among women - intersectionality of oppression.
No such thing as society free biology
Opposes binaries
Gendering of health (certain conditions associated with certain genders)

Question 16

Foucault main claims

Answer 16

Knowledge is power
Our ways of thinking change historically
Power relationships are interactional, not direct.

Question 17

Foucault Phase 1

Answer 17

There is a power relationship between doctor and patient (but this is okay)
Objectifying perspective of the clinical gaze. Bypassing the patient’s subjective experience to go into the body and seek out information that the patient doesn’t have

Question 18

Foucault Phase 2

Answer 18

Shifts in styles of surveillance (prison systems). We no survey ourselves
Medicine is an agent of surveillance that helps the state oversee and govern the pop
Anatomopolitics and biopolitics are two ways of translating knowledge into power.

Question 19

Discourse

Answer 19

A framework of thinking that tells us what we maythink reasonably

Question 20

Foucault Phase 3

Answer 20

Relationships of power of bleak so we reclaim our agency and find freedom in self care. Defining our own bodies and achieving self actualization.

Question 21

2 positions on health inequality

Answer 21

1. MATERIALIST = marxist; health is a community responsibility; we should go for equality of condition because social stratification has a -ve affect on health
2. NEO-LIBERAL = equality is inevitable and gives society a sense of motivation to move up; reduce role of state in providing services and instead introduce equality of opportunity; health is an individual responsibility

Question 22

Black Report 4 explanations

Answer 22

1) measurement artifact
2) Social selection - health determines class
3) Culture of poverty = bad health
4) Materialist/structuralist - social structures have indirect and direct consequences on health. Poor have less life control, more stress, less access to food and shelter

Question 23

Problems with workers compensations

Answer 23

1) commodifies health

2) Narrow definitions of illness

Question 24

McKeowen thesis

Answer 24

decline is mortality in 1800s is due to better living conditions

Question 25

Challenges in linking env illness to health

Answer 25

• Latency periods
• Physician training
• Risk assessment
• Burden of proof

Question 26

Toxic culture

Answer 26

We have a toxic culture where we have unquestioned production of hazardous substances and this is accepted as a side affect of progress. We have chronic stress and substandard housing, exploitative work conditions

Question 27

Types of social support

Answer 27

Instrumental

emotional

Question 28

Durkheim

Answer 28

Social bonds keep us healthy

Question 29

Concept: Reciprocal relationship between poor health and social connection

Answer 29

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Question 30

Hidden health care system

Answer 30

Costs to caregivers - unpaid give 80% of care, women, middle aged, employed as well
Increasing burden of care -
BCP, more women in workforce, less childbearing couple, more geographic dispersion all mean there are less young relatives;
Longer lives, less disease mean older elderly;
Not enough room in elderly homes, privatization makes them expensive;

Question 31

Basic Principles of Medicare

Answer 31

1) Universality - provided to all/no discrimination
2) Comprehensiveness - all medically necessary services covered
3) Portability - covered when you move provinces
4) Non-Profit admin - subject to audit too
5) Accessibility - regardless of financial status or geography

Question 32

Hall Report

Answer 32

Reccomends extension of coverage after all provinces sign on for hospital coverage

Question 33

Medical Care Act

Answer 33

Pearson Gov;

Hall says health care is one of the best in the world; warns about extra billing and user fees threatening accessibility

Question 34

Canada Health Act

Answer 34

Trudeau Gov;
Add accessibility, transfer payments, costs governed in half by gov;
2 Conditions: Information and recognition
2 Provisions: No extra billing or user fees

Question 35

Decline in gov investment in medical care

Answer 35

Mulroney decreases funding, Chretien introduces block Social and Health care transfer payments;

Question 36

Romanow report

Answer 36

Health care in canada is defining
Reform should not hurt the vulnerable
Renew gov investment
Health care is a community responsibility

Question 37

Medicine’s authority derived from

Answer 37

Social and cultural authority

Question 38

Medicine’s authority is held by (3)

Answer 38

Affiliation with science
Standardization
Monopolization (Code of ethics, state protection, attacks on competitors)

Question 39

Attack on midwifery (4)

Answer 39

Lack of organization
Class
Natural Model
Gender - Medicine associated with educated men of science

Question 40

Golden age of medical power

Answer 40

expansion, escalation of prices, unnecessary testing and surgeries

Question 41

Professional Dominance Theory

Answer 41

Freidson
Autonomy and Dominance
Difficult to prevent misuse of medical power - only doctors can evaluate doctors

Question 42

Proletarianization theory

Answer 42

Decline of medical power
Movement to large scale health facilities where people with less training are given smaller jobs which decreases physician monopoly and cost of health care.
Critique: underestimates loss of control of doctors

Question 43

Deprofessionalization theory

Answer 43

Haug - loss of

1) Knowledge monopoly
2) Public faith
3) Work autonomy/dominance