MT1 Flashcards
1
Q
The ____ group is able to impose values, beliefs, and behaviours on a given society due to its political and economic power
A
dominant culture
2
Q
Emile Durkheim viewed the discipline of sociology as unique because it was to be based on the study of?
A
social facts
3
Q
T or F: qualitative social research focuses on things that can be counted
A
false
4
Q
A philosopher and political theorist who argued that the stage before society existed was the best stage in human development was _______.
A
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5
Q
What did Jean-Jaques Rousseau believe?
A
Rousseau (2011) thought that humans could exist before there were societies and that they would be “happy savages” who did not interact with one another or have language.
6
Q
Durkheim posited that part of what makes us human is _______.
A
our interaction and dependence on one another.
7
Q
True or False: For Durkheim, society corrupts humans and leads to our “decay.”
A
False. Durkheim believed that society is good for people because it helps them to feel connected to one another.
8
Q
What is society is good for people because it helps them to feel connected to one another?
A
socialization
9
Q
what is structural functionalism interested in?
A
explaining how society functions effecgtively
10
Q
Which classic theoretical perspective believes society’s purpose is to survive and reproduce itself?
A
structural functionalism
11
Q
Which classic theoretical perspective believes in the top-down process of children learning to conform to roles/expectations of society through socialization?
A
structural functionalism
12
Q
Which classic theoretical perspective sees socialization as a process that helps to create solidarity and cohesion?
A
structural functionalists
13
Q
Which classical theoretical perspective sees socialization as a result from the underlying conflicts that exist between competing groups?
A
conflict theory
14
Q
Which classical theoretical perspective did Karl Marx develop and what was it based on?
A
conflict theory - the conflict between social classes: individuals who own the means of production (capitalists) vs those who do not (workers)
15
Q
which classical theoretical perspective examines how socialization is negotiated through our connections with other people?
A
symbolic interactionism
16
Q
What is the process of the looking-glass self?
A
When we look at other people and they act as a mirror that helps us understand how we appear
17
Q
Which level os socialization teaches us the unwritten rules of society?
A
primary
18
Q
Which level of socialization teaches us the appropriate behaviours and attitudes of a subculture within our larger society?
A
secondary socialization
19
Q
Which level of socialization refers to the process in which individuals ‘rehearse’ potential roles that they may have to tak eon in the future i.e., mother, father, new work position
A
anticipatory socialization
20
Q
What is it called when we replace old roles with a new one i.e., discard former behaviours/attitudes/values when taking on a new role
A
resocialization
21
Q
Socialization refers to the lifelong process of _______.
A
learning our society’s norms, customs, and ideologies.
22
Q
The theory presenting socialization as a process that helps to create solidarity and cohesion is _______.
A
structural functionalism
23
Q
Feminist sociologists focus on inequality based on _______.
A
sex and gender
24
Q
True or False: Durkheim agrees with Rousseau that society functions primarily as a corrupting force on individuals.
A
False
25
Why does Durkheim suggest that individuals have few ideas that are truly their own?
a) because there are few geniuses capable of truly original insight
b) because individuals are connected to society's 'collective consciousness' via shared language and symbols
c) because individuals typically defer to authority
b) because individuals are connected to society's 'collective consciousness' via shared language and symbols
26
True or False: The experience of aging and moving through the life-course depends on social factors such as changes in public policies and programs and overarching cultural values and norms.
True
27
How many markers of adulthood does Furstenberg argue exist?
7: completing education, financial independence, working full-time, being able to support a family, leaving the parental home, getting married, and having a child.
28
True or False: In 1981, only 27% of Canadians between the ages of 20 and 30 lived with their parents.
In 1981, only 27% of Canadians between the ages of 20 and 30 lived with their parents. By 2016, this had increased to 35%.
29
Why does conflict theory suggest that socialization is not always functional?
because of the existence of social inequality. socialization often functions in the interest of dominant groups in society
30
What perspective did Erving Goffman create and what does it mean?
dramaturgical perspective: people manage/act their the impressions they give to others, smooth our interactions, act differently 'on or off stage'
31
what are symbolic interactionism's 3 basic premises?
1. humans act toward things based on the meanings they assign them
2. meaning of things are derived/arises from social interactions between people
3. individuals use an interpretative process to understand and modify meaning
32
which classical theoretical perspective is focused on what gives us our sense of self?
symbolic interactionism
33
which classical theoretical perspective differs from the other two as it is a horizontal process?
symbolic interactionism
34
what is the behaviour expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status?
a role
35
what are sets of connected actions, rights, obligations, qualities, norms, and beliefs?
a role
36
What is stage 1 of role-taking by children?
learn language and other symbols by imitating significant others in their lives
37
What is stage 2 of role-taking by children?
role playing - pretend to be other people in their lives
38
What is stage 3 of role-taking by children?
game stage - learn complex rules to play the games they are learning to play
39
What is stage 4 of role-taking by children?
children think about themselves through the eyes of others
40
culture, media, religion, work-places, families, government, peers, schools and social groups are all examples of what?
agents of socialization
41
C.H. Cooley coined what term that is associated with symbolic interactionism?
the looking-glass self: our sense of self is assembled from the reactions of others
42
What theory did Erving Goffman develop to explain social life as a stage and individuals as actors portraying roles?
Dramaturgical perspective: seeing social life as a stage and individuals as actors portraying roles
43
According to Goffman's dramaturgical perspective, the private places where individuals do not feel they are being watched and have no audience to impress are called _______.
back stage
44
True or False: According to Goffman's theory, "expressions given off" are associated with nonverbal, presumably unintentional, communication.
true: expressions given off are subconscious expressions while expressions that one gives are the verbal symbols i.e., words
45
Give two examples of sociologists who were in the structural functionalist tradition
Durkheim and Parsons
46
Give three examples of sociologists who were in the symbolic interactionists tradition
George Herbert Mead, Cooley, Goffman
47
What is a deviance?
any minor or serious act that breaks an accepted social standard
48
what is a law?
a norm that is written in formal codes enforced by government
49
what is a crime?
an act of deviance that breaks both a norm and a law
50
lesser crimes, white-collar crimes and consensus crimes are all apart of which category?
deviant acts
51
. Any act that breaks an accepted social standard from minor misdeeds to serious crimes is defined as?
deviance
52
In what aspects does the deviance vary?
varies in the severity of public response, perceived harmfulness, and degree of public agreement
53
Crimes that are illegal but are not usually seen as extremely serious violations of social norms are called?
lesser crimes
54
which theory argues that all knowledge is created and maintained by social interactions. who was it developed by?
The theory of social constructions - Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann
55
The theory of social constructions is based on which perspective?
symbolic interactionist perspective
56
How do Berger and Luckmann explain social construction?
1) people categorize experiences, then act on the basis of this information
2) people forget the social origins of categories and classifications, instead viewing them as natural and unchanging
57
True or False: Berger and Luckmann argue that we learn about the internalized, predefined worlds of individuals by understanding how individuals interacted with socializing agents such as parents.
true
58
True or false: what society considers deviant, or criminal, is unchanging
false. ex: decriminalization of homosexuality
59
True or false: decriminalizing something means that it is no longer considered deviant
false. acts that are decriminalized can still be unacceptable by all members of society
60
Why does emile durkheim argue that deviance is important in a society
1) people who commit a deviance help affirm cultural values and norms
2)people who commit a deviance help teach others what is right or wrong
3) responding to deviance helps unite individuals
4) deviance can encourage social change - today's deviant can be tomorrow's beacon of morality
61
"Normality of crime" refers to Émile Durkheim's portrayal of crime and deviance as _______.
necessary, functional, and even good for a society
62
True or False: In the early years after Confederation, homosexual activity was a crime that could lead to the death penalty.
true. homosexuality was not decriminalized until 1969
63
individual explanations of deviance and crime lead to what belief? what should society do to reduce deviance? does it work?
belief that criminals or deviants are just 'bad apples'. society should simply remove them from society. little evidence supports the claim that more punitive reactions to crime significantly reduce crime rates
64
which theory explains that deviance and crime stems from individuals' goals and opportunities for success not matching
strain theory
65
which theory focuses on the role of culture in crime?
subcultural theory
66
What is Elijah Anderson's code of the streets?
young minority men living in these neighbourhoods search for respect and how this search can create the need for aggressive, violent, and criminal behaviour. norms and values that groups follow can be quite different, even within the same society, and how the social context can influence individuals’ behaviour.
67
what is edwin sutherfland's learning theory?
different environments provide opportunities to learn to engage in deviance and crime. based on ideas about the importance of socialization. "best place to learn how to be a criminal is in jail"
68
race, money, countries and gender are all examples of what?
social construct
69
what is travis hirschi's control theory?
weak social control can lead individuals to engage in deviant or criminal acts. not having integration leads to a higher likelihood of deviance
70
which theory describes how responses to deviant/criminal acts, can either increase or decrease an individuals likelihood of engaging in further deviance
labelling theory
71
response to deviance is critical in which theory?
labelling theory. says crime is actually created by the process of getting caught.
72
if a person if caught and labelled as deviant, they become stigmatized/viewed as a criminal. this situations affects a person's identity/likelihood of engaging in deviant/criminal behaviour again how?
people can adopt the identity of deviant, thus engaging in further deviant behaviour to fulfill this social role/identity
73
early, random acts of deviance are referred to as?
primary deviance
74
persistent deviant behaviour that often causes an identity of deviant is referred to as?
secondary deviance
75
how does the canadian youth criminal justice act affirm the importance of labelling?
illegal to publish identity of young offender to help avoid primary deviance turning into secondary deviance - hoping to turn youth away from life of crime
76
The theory arguing that some individuals commit crimes because their goals and opportunities for success do not match is called _______.
strain theory
77
True or False: Subcultural theory argues that gangs and other criminal organizations are subcultures with norms and values different from those of the larger culture.
true
78
Control theory argues that individuals engage in deviant or criminal acts due to _______.
weak social control
79
Durkheim and Parsons viewed socialization as helping society run smoothly. These sociologists followed the _______ tradition. a) symbolic interactionist b) feminist c) social conflict d) structural functionalist
d) structural functionalist
80
The experiments of Milgram and Zimbardo were controversial, but they highlighted that _______.
deviant behaviours are more likely and more severe in certain social settings.
81
Milgram's (1963) experiment involved which three people?
An authoritative figure, a teacher, and a learner.
82
True or False: Deviance is more likely in situations where individuals enjoy anonymity.
True. As Zimbardo (in Aronson and Aronson 2011, 128) argues, "individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, character, will power or other empirically unvalidated constructs."
83
Uniform Crime Reporting Survey has been conducted by Statistics Canada since _______.
1962
84
who coined the term collective memory?
Maurice Halbwachs
85
how groups exchange information between themselves is what concept?
collective memory
86
what memory are the experiences passed down from generation to generation?
familial memory
86
collective memory is composed of which three sub-categorgies?
familial memory, religious memory, national (office) memory
87
The Crime Severity Index assigns each offence a weight based on _______.
the severity of the sentences handed down by the courts
88
Individuals are more likely to commit crimes between the ages of _______.
15 and 21
88
The crime rate is the incidence of a particular type of crime per what number of people in a population?
100,000
89
Conflict theorists argue that the real predictor of engagement in crime is _______.
poverty and other social problems
90
True or False: Violent crime among women, in particular, has seen a notable increase.
true
91
what is the penalty inflicted on someone for committing a transgression?
punishment
92
what is the idea that a punishment should be comparable to the suffering caused by the crime?
retribution
93
what is the process of making an example out of deviants to deter others from committing crimes?
general deterrence
94
what is the aim of discouraging specific individuals by convincing them that engaging in a crime does not benefit them
specific deterrence
95
what is the goal to reform criminals and helping them reintegrate into society
rehabillitation
96
what is the process of offenders restoring order by compensating/fixing the injustice caused by their crime?
restoration
97
Incapacitating criminals in order to physically prevent them from committing crimes is a function of punishment known as _______.
societal protection
98
True or False: Harsh punishments lead to lower rates of recidivism.
false
99
marx argued that the core struggle in all societies is...?
class struggle
100
what is the system called when power is held by the working class, as coined by marx?
proletariat
101
what is the idea that people will achieve based on their own merit?
meritocracy
102
what is the willingness to believe in ideologies that support the ruling class but are actually disadvantageous to working-class interests?
false consciousness
103
what is the lowest layer of the working class, that includes petty criminals?
lumpenproletariat
104
Marx predicted that capitalism would eventually be replaced by an alternative economic system featuring collective ownership of the means of production called _______.
socialism
105
what is the term used in marxist theory to refer to people's beliefs regarding their social class and class interests?
class consciousness
106
What are organizations of employees who work together to negotiate a variety of common matters and working conditions called?
unions
107
People who work in place of unionized workers on strike are sometimes known as _______.
scab workers
108
what is the social distinction based on perceived physical or biological characteristics
race
109
what is rooted in cultural differences such as language, religion, and the shared history among people
ethnicity
110
Perspective arguing that each racial or ethnic group contains traits that have been carried from the past to the present with little or no change is called _______.
essentialism
111
ethnic groups and nationalities exist and are based on...
biological factors and territorial location
112
True or False: Black Lives Matter is the movement against a series of racially motivated murders of Black people, often by police.
true
113
Berger and Luckmann argue that..
our ideas of race and ethnicity are socially constructed
114
what do social constructionists believe?
that racial and ethnic categories are not "natural" but are created within society
115
the idea that wealthy people earned their money through working hard, while those with less money must not have tried as hard is part of the ideology of?
a) social mobility
b) achievement-based stratification
c) ascription-based stratification
d) meritocracy
d) meritocracy
116
according to Weber, ____ are organizations that attempt to influence social action and that focus on achieving some goal in the sphere of power
a) the power elite
b) parties
c) status groups
d) unions
b) parties
117
according to Waters, what is an individualistic label that has little cost for the individual i.e., italian-american or american
symbolic ethnicity
118
Censuses refers to _______.
a systematic collection and recording of data conducted by governments about the people living within their borders
119
The process of people changing their racial identity during their life is called _______.
racial passing
120
which theory highlights the ways that the social categories we consider natural and unchanging, such as race and ethnicity, are in fact socially created
social construction
121
what is the thomas principle?
the idea that social constructions have real consequences
122
give and example of a real consequence of our socially constructed ideas about race
racism
123
what is racism?
"organized system of race-based group privilege that operates at every level of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of color or 'race' supermacy"
124
what is the term invisible knapsack related to?
white privilege
125
True or False: According to the census, First Nations people have the lowest incomes, making an average of $15,000 less than white Canadians per year.
true
126
True or False: Hate crimes against Muslims increased by nearly 20% between 2014 and 2019.
false, it has increased by nearly 83%
127
"Status" for Indigenous people means _______.
being registered under the Indian Act which makes a person eligible for benefits, rights, programs, and services.
128
First Nations is a term that refers to Indigenous people who are _______.
neither Inuit nor Métis
129
During what time were residential schools allowed to operate in Canada?
1876-1996
130
What is a negative attitude toward someone based solely on his membership in a group
prejudice
131
____ can lead to discrimination
prejudice
132
which personality type are more likely to develop prejudicial attitudes
authoritarian personality
133
what is the realistic conflict theory?
when groups want access to the same things, they compete with one another and can come to have increasingly negative attitudes towards one another - competing over resources leads to the development of prejudices
134
what is the theory that predicts that increasing contact between antagonistic groups will lead to a growing recognition of similarities and alter stereotypes about the other group, thereby reducing prejudice
contact theory
135
what four key ideas define the critical race theory
1. Racism is ordinary and not an unusual part of society
2. Racism serves important purposes - many people benefit from racial hierarchies
3. Race and races are products of social though and relations and are categories invented by society
4. Intersectionality - every individual brings together a number of different identities and that these all work together to create a person’s lived experience
136
critical race theory pushes us to see how racism is ...?
a systemic feature of our society
137
connect viewing racism as a systemic feature of our society to Mills
viewing racism as a public issue instead of a personal trouble - pushes us to seek larger social solutions to racism & racial inequality
138
What theory was created by Kimberlé Crenshaw and Derrick Bell in order to better understand race and racism?
critical race theory
139
Realistic conflict theory argues that _______.
prejudice stems from social groups' competition for valued resources or opportunities
140
What are the three broad categories of immigrants in Canada?
economic, family class and refugees
141
True or False: Canada has one of the highest per capita immigration rates in the world.
true
142
In the Canadian program of Syrian refugee resettlement "Groups of Five" refers to _______
private sponsorship by groups of five or more average Canadian citizens or permanent residents who live in the expected community of settlement and have collectively arranged to sponsor a refugee.
143
multiculturism is based on which idea?
pluralism - the belief that conflict is a central feature of societies and that ethnicity is an essential aspect of individual identity and group behaviour - people are encouraged to display and celebrate their ethnicity and distinctness
144
how does Vince Wilson define multiculturism?
doctrine that provides a political framework for the official promotion of cultural differences as an integral component of society
145
why did John Porther use the term vertical mosaic to describe Canadian society
1. canada is a mosaic of different ethnicities, languages, regions of residence, and religions
2. these groupings are unequal in both status and power
146
compare/contrast marx's conflict theory and porter's vertical mosaic theory
both highlight how some groups wield more power in society than others. marx focused on economic power while porter expands this to examine ethnicity. both would note that small groups of people with wealth tend to create conditions that further entrench wealth and power over time
147
what is a group of people who are united by a common fate and who have a shared national character
nation
148
what is a group of people who share a physical territory and government, although they may not share an ethnicity, language or history
nation-state
149
benedict anderson argugued that "the members of even the smallest nation will never know mot of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion" to describe which term?
imagined communities
150
True or False: The Canadian Multiculturalism Act focuses on the elimination of racial and ethnic conflict.
false. it focuses on the management
151
