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UVic BIOL 367 - Spring 2020 > MT - Cell Types of the Nervous System > Flashcards

MT - Cell Types of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Of the ~20,000 human genes, how many are expressed in the brain? How many are expressed only in the brain?

A

~14,000! ~6,000 are only expressed in the brain.

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2
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells that make up a nervous system?

A
  1. Neurons

2. Glia

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3
Q

What is the main difference between neurons and glia?

A

Neurons: excitable
Glia: non-excitable

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4
Q

Who Provided evidence to suggest the “neuron theory” of nervous system organization as opposed to the commonly held “reticular theory”?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal.

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5
Q

Who developed the dark stain that was instrumental for the dark staining of individual neurons?

A

Camillo Golgi.

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6
Q

What was notable about the stain that Golgi produced for his research?

A

It didn’t stain every neuron, making it easier to visualize the ones that were stained.

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7
Q

Describe “synctitial reticular theory”.

A

The previously held belief that the nervous system was a single cell web with many processes.

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8
Q

Describe the “neuron doctrine”.

A

The current understanding that neurons are individual cells which innervate each other.

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9
Q

Give a few characteristics of neurons.

A
  • Electrically excitable cells of the nervous system
  • Allow rapid communication on a millisecond timescale
  • Communicate at structures called synapses
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10
Q

How many neurons are there in the human nervous system? How many synapses?

A

10^11 neurons and 10^15 synapses.

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11
Q

What are the 4 main structural elements of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body/Soma
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
  4. Presynaptic bouton/terminal
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12
Q

What are the 4 functions/functional zones of the neuron?

A
  1. Signal reception
  2. Signal integration
  3. Signal conduction
  4. Signal transmission
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13
Q

Where in the neuron does signal reception occur? What happens?

A

At the dendrites and the cell body. Incoming signal is converted from chemical to electrical.

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14
Q

Where in the neuron does signal integration happen? What happens?

A

At the axon initial segment. An electrical signal is converted to an action potential.

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15
Q

Where in the neuron does signal conduction occur? What happens?

A

At the axon (some with myelin). Action potential travels down the axon.

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16
Q

Where in the neuron does signal transmission occur? What happens?

A

At the synapse. Signal is converted from electrical to chemical with the release of neurotransmitter.

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17
Q

What is a dendritic spine?

A

The postsynaptic structures of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Protrusions on dendrites.

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18
Q

Are all dendritic spines the same shape?

A

No. They ccan have “mushroom”, “stubby”, “thin”, and “filopodium” shapes.

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19
Q

What is an en-passant synapse?

A

A synapse that occurs midway along an axon and connects with dendrites from another neuron.

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20
Q

When viewing under a microscope, what kind of synapses would we expect to contain the postsynaptic density?

A

Glutamatergic synapses.

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21
Q

When viewing under a microscope, what would we call a presynaptic dark line?

A

The active zone.

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22
Q

What 3 methods are used to categorize neurons?

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Functional properties
  3. Molecular content
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23
Q

Do all neurons look the same?

A

No, they can have very different structures/properties but all use the same basic mechanism to send signals.

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24
Q

What are the most prevalent types of neurons in the brain?

A

Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons.

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25
Q

What kinds of neurons are only found in the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra, and the hypothalamus?

A

Dopaminergic neurons.

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26
Q

What kinds of neurons produce acetylcholine and are found in the medial septum, striatum, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus?

A

Cholinergic neurons.

27
Q

What kind of neurons produce serotonin? Where are they localized?

A

Serotonergic neurons, localized in the Raphe nucleus.

28
Q

What kinds of neurons produce noradrenaline/norepinephrine? Where are they localized?

A

Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coerulus.

29
Q

What kind of neurons contain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)?

A

Dopaminergic neurons.

30
Q

What kind of neurons contain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67)?

A

GABAergic neurons.

31
Q

What kind of neurons contain choline acetyltransferase?

A

Colinergic neurons.

32
Q

What neurons contain vesicular GABA transporter? Where in the neuron is it located?

A

GABAergic neurons (duh). Located in the terminals/boutons.

33
Q

What neurons contain vesicular glutamate transporter? Where in the neuron is it located?

A

Glutamatergic neurons (duh). Located in the terminals/boutons.

34
Q

What are the 2 classes of GABAergic neurons? Which one contains parvalbumin?

A
  1. Fast-spiking (+Parvalbumin)

2. Non fast-spiking

35
Q

What is the ratio of glial cells : neurons in the brain?

A

~10 glial cells per neuron.

36
Q

What are some examples of glial cell function?

A
  • Modulate synaptic function
  • Influence brain metabolism
  • Maintain chemical homeostasis
  • Regulate blood flow
  • Provide “immune” type functions
  • Provide scaffold for neurodevelopment
37
Q

What are the 4 kinds of non-neuronal cells in the vertebrate brain?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes + Schwann cells
  3. Microglial cells
  4. Emendymal cells (incl. radial glia)
38
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type is ciliated and lines the ventricles of the brain?

A

Ependymal cells.

39
Q

Which adult non-neuronal cell type derives from radial glia during development?

A

Ependymal cells.

40
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type can produce cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells.

41
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type can serve as a stem or progenitor cell to make more glia/neurons?

A

Ependymal cells.

42
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type includes the tanycyte subtype?

A

Ependymal cells.

43
Q

What is a tanycyte? Where in the brain are they located?

A

A subtype of ependymal cell which lines the 3rd ventricle and extends into the hypothalamus.

44
Q

What is the function of a tanycyte?

A

To transfer signals from the cerebrospinal fluid to the central nervous system (ex: glucose levels).

45
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type serves to myelinate axons?

A

Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells.

46
Q

What differentiates the localization of oligodendrocytes from Schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes: CNS

Schwann cells: PNS

47
Q

What differentiates the structure of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes: myelinates multiple CNS axons

Schwann cells: 1 motorneuron axon in PNS

48
Q

What is an “internode”? What subregions does this contain?

A

The part of the axon under the myelin sheath. Contains the juxtaparanode and the paranode (closest to the node).

49
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type makes up the main element of the intrinsic immune system?

A

Microglia.

50
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type is phagocytic?

A

Microglia.

51
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type is involved with synaptic pruning and brain injury?

A

Microglia.

52
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type is derived from the hemopoetic stem cells in bone marrow?

A

Microglia.

53
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type is implicated in stroke, cognitive disorders, brain injury, inflammation, etc.?

A

Microglia.

54
Q

What is the general role of microglia during brain injury?

A

To limit damage.

55
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type is closely associated with blood vessels and is an essential element of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB)?

A

Astrocytes.

56
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type is responsible for removing glutamate and GABA from synapses?

A

Astrocytes.

57
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type provides energy substrate (ex: lactate) to neurons?

A

Astrocytes.

58
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type is responsible for maintaining brain water homeostasis and regulating extracellular pH?

A

Astrocytes.

59
Q

Which non-neuronal cell type is implicated in cytotoxic brain edema, glioma formation, and stroke outcome?

A

Astrocytes.

60
Q

Are astrocytes dividing or non-dividing?

A

Some retain the capacity to undergo mitosis.

61
Q

How can astrocytes help regulate blood flow in active brain regions?

A

by controlling arteriole diameter in response to changes in calcium levels.

62
Q

Every neuron in the mammalian brain is within ______ of a capillary.

A

10-20 micrometres.

63
Q

How is blood flow in the brain regulated?

A

By astrocytes in response to brain activity and the requirement for oxygen.

UVic BIOL 367 - Spring 2020 (15 decks)

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