mt Flashcards
What is the Conceptual mapping of the positive purposed by Pawelski?
forms of (+/-) and dynamic and conserving operations
- operatios that increase/ maintain preferred; operations of promotion and preservation are directly positive
- Operations that decrease or avoid the dispreferred; operations mitigation and prevention are indirectly positive
- operations that increase / maintain the dispreferred; aggravation and entrenchment are directly negative
- operations that decrease / avoid the preferrred; destruction and ostruction are indirectly negative
- this leads to clairty of the full range of positive emotions
What is the thought experiment posed in the paper? What is the conclusion?
Red cape - fight against the undesirable (poverty, violence)
green cape - grow things to be more desirable (peace, justice)
-people cannot flourish without a green cape
People cannot flourish with either of the choices a reversible cape is needed times when we need to focus on getting rid of the undesirable and times when we need to move towards the desirable. a balance is needed between the capes
Pawelski presents a normative definition of the positive in positive psychology, what does this definition encompass?
2 components - inclusion criteria necessary condition that must be satisfied for something to be considered positive
2- five continuum criteria which indicate how something is to remain positive
What are the 5 continuum criteria in the normative definition of what’s considered positive?
1- something is preferred
2- sustainability across time (longer=better)
3- sustainability across persons (more =better)
4- sustainability across effects (does it lead to a cascade of good effects)
5-sustainability across structures (various contexts)
PPEST
Tracing the size, reach, impact and breadth of PP
Methods: What were the four steps they used?
-selecting documents (key words in title, abstract and keywords) -identification documents: co-term analysis, term based identification: finding docs that belong to the field (2+ terms), document categorization - impact factor: # of citations -document mapping: similarity b/t documents (shared citations)
Evidence was provided that 4 traits were related as positive, but not in all contexts. List and give an example of these traits? What were the conclusions of the study?
These things can go either way and depend on context
forgiveness - less forgiving in an abusive relationship were likely not to take partner back. can be misconceptualized .
optimism: expectancy for future outcomes. gamblers less likely to stop after losses. Decreases stress/ depression
benevolent attributions: optimistic interpretations of undesirable experiences as outside of oneself. can undermine ability to seek help in abusive relationship
Kindness: to self and others. benefits to relationships DEPENDING on the nature of those relationships
pp. 2.0
What 4 types of happiness were outlined by Wong as contributing to SWB
1) Hedonic happiness - high PA and low NA.
2) Prudential - engaged life, flow, doing something to the best of your abilties, active pathway to happiness
3) Eudaimonic - virtue/ meaning in life, fufilling life
4) Chaironic - feeling blessed, oneness with nature/ god
4 pillars of the good life:
Virtue -what kind of person you want to be, values, character strengths. moral map
meaning: connection to the world, achievement, relationships, self-acceptance. integrates needs and functions
resilience: responding to adversity, adaptation, across multiple domains (cognitive, behavioural, social, cultural)
and well-being: umbrella term; desired conditions; self-determination; appreciating life
What is PURE as it relates to meaning?
Purpose - motivation: direction in life, goals, values; what matters in life
Understanding - cognitive: sense of coherenece; clear self indentity, self understanding, knowledge and control. balancing various interests
Responislbe action - responsilbity: doing what is right / good
Enjoyment - evaluative: feeling good about waht you’re doing making good decisions . evaluating to ensure you dont get stuck in a rut.
What were the 3 domains (name & give an example) that the positive mood offset was said to have a benefit on?
social life- more support, beter marriages, self-confidence
work and employment - better supervisor ratings, increased productivity, less work days missed, more creative
health,longevity and fertility - better repruductive success, longevity, increased immune function, more energy
Does positive mood result from evolution? What is the evidence presented for this?
Genetic basis? partly heritable, temperaments heritable, natural selection
THose in negative mood move back to positive mood - revert back to + states quite quickly, move more easily from negative to positive rather then the other way around
+ behaviours benefitted those in the past - social groups necessary for survival
If adaptive, why not happy all the time? - need to be at a medium level of happiness, being too happy can lead to danger
What 3 factors do the authors identify as contributing to ones chronic happiness level? Which factor was named the best to chronic happiness?
set-point: genetically determined, fixed, stable over time and immune to influence or control - evidence by twin studies, higher in monozygotic twins
happiness relevant circumstantial factors: geographical,
happiness relevant activities/ practices:
Adaptive, things that you choose to engage in , different types of activites you can do (cognitive, behavioural and volitional)
What were the 8 TLCs brought up in the paper?
exercise - benefits multiple body systems, decrease risk of disorders (mental and physical); phyisological “runners high”, self-esteem, decreses in muscularr tension,neural: increses brain volume, cognitive benefits
nutrition and diet: food selection and supplements
food selection: colourful veggies, fish (omega 3s), decrease excessive calories,
supplements: vit D (bipolar, schizophrenia), folic acid, fish oil (protective of body systems; depression, psychosis in high-risk youth/
relaxation (nature): interacting with nature; lack of natural light disturbs sleep, mood.
Multipmedia : can benefit psych/ social skills in children .. overuse technopathologies- decreases in attn, cognition (digital fog), overload due to multitasking, addiction
-therapeutic benefits of nature: increases in cognition, attn, emo, spritiuality & SWB
relationships: social relationships decrease pathologies; mirror neurons, we need other humans; social capital (community based connections), many ppl seeking therapy have issues with relationships
recreation & enjoyable activities - those in distress have low reinforncement, recreation increases reinforcementl; play and playfulness, hjumor (decrease stress, support immunie function), art
stress management - novel stressors; media, adversiting.
Self-management skills: somatic (muscle relaxation), psychological, contemplative (meditation)
religious and spiritual involvement: aids in coping with stress; themes like love and forgiveness; longevity. assoicated with social support.
Multiple levels of religious devlepment
contribution and service to others - benefit to giver and rcver; alturism decreases unhealthy mental qualtiies (greed, jealousy, those that volunteer are happier, paradox of happiness “spending time on others makes you happier)
What 3 principles are outlined as contributing to realistic optimism
leniency for the past - recognizing fuzzy boundries of interpreting events, give oneself or others the benefit of the doubt, a larger set of outcomes to be labelled as positive. Reframing -looking for the positives in a situaiton to balance negatives. modest thresholds of minimum acceptability. Accepting the current sutation and finding a meaning within, decreases the effects of perfectionism
appreciation for the present - being in-tune with the positive aspects of the current situation
Opportunity seeking - considering future goals and plans. seeing problems as challenges, reframing, goals viewed from an apporach mindset as opposed to an avoidance
What was the purpose of the article? (Howell)
To show that implicit theories are relevant to the study of WB
Entity / fixed mindset see attributes as stable (e.g., personality) meaning it is what it is and it can’t be changed
Incremental / growth attributes see attributes as malleable
-implicit beliefs are held but not articulated
-incremental/growth mindset is more adaptive
Apply PERMA to the fixed and growth mindset
Apply this concept P(positive emotion) E(engagement) R(relationships) M(meaning) A(accomplishment)
Positive emotion – regulating emotions (experience of P & N), emotional experiences concerning fixed or growth, ex: experiences of social rejection incremental was better in dealing; fixed is less adaptive regarding emotional regulation
Engagement - setting and moving toward goals; entity promotes performance related goals, comparing yourself to others performance wise. Incremental was associated with better performance than entity. Fixed/incremental were more likely to use helpless-oriented strategies like procrastination. Those taking an incremental mindset were more likely to have moments of flow. Viewed future self more positively
Relationships – positive interactions with othersl; who they are able to interact with; growth saw relationships as able to be maintained through conflict by effort and problem solving vs destiny where things were or weren’t meant to be (destiny was associated with anger)
Meaning – implicit theories emphasized transcendence beyond the self
Accomplishment/ achievement – success in a specific domain; incremental shows greater success, math higher grades and more motivation; those who see their ability as fixed performed wrose than those who saw it as malleable
