MT-4 Flashcards
Definition of “Rabid animal”
Animal in which unquestionable laboratory test has confirmed rabies
Definition of “Rabies risky animal”
- Any animal that has attacked or bitten humans OR
- Any dog that has not received anti-rabies vaccination in accordance with the regulations
Definition of “Potential rabid animal”
- Animal that shows symptoms of the disease or
- An animal that is symptomless but has been bitten by a potentially rabid animal AND
- A wild animal that behaved strangely or attacks humans
Definition of “Potentially rabies infected animal”
An animal that has or may have contacted with rabid or potentially rabid animal within the last 90 days
Public health for rabies
The official vet shall notify the competent regional national health authority in case:
- He or she confirms rabies or potential rabies
- He or she becomes aware of the fact that a rabid, potentially rabid, or potentially rabid infected animal has bitten any person
- Upon the detection of any wound caused by a dog, cat or wild animal, the physician caring for the wound shall immediately notify in writing the competent official veterinary authority about the information available with regard to the circumstances of the case including, in particular, the name and home address of the animal keeper
- Based on such notifications, the official veterinarian shall take the necessary measures without delay
The autopsy of the rabid or potentially rabid animal or the removal of its head for diagnostic purposes may be performed only in protective clothes to exclude the risk of infections
Vaccination in case of rabies
The animal keeper, at his or her expense, shall arrange the vaccination of all dogs above 3 months of age to be performed by a private veterinarian responsible for the animal health supervision of such dogs as follows:
- Within 30 days after reaching 3 months of age
- Within 6 months after their first vaccination
- Every year afterwards
Official measures in case of potentially rabid animal
- Potentially rabid domestic animal or susceptible animals kept in captivity shall be killed or upon request of the animal’s keeper put under official monitoring for 90 days
- The animal showing clinical signs must be inspected daily, while animals not showing clinical signs, inspected weekly
- Potentially rabid stray or wild animal must be killed, and the official veterinarian must be informed without delay
Official measures in case of rabies risky animals
- Potentially rabies risky animal shall be put under official monitoring for 14 days, and unless they already have it, the dog shall be marked with an electronic transponder (micro ship implanted under the skin)
- At the end of the monitoring period, the dog shall receive an anti-rabies vaccination in case it dies not have a valid anti-rabies vaccination
Official measures in case of potentially rabies infected animals
- Potentially rabies infected animals shall be put under official monitoring for 90 days
- Potentially rabies infected carnivores animal shall be monitors under separation at the place of their keeping, inspected once every 3 weeks or if their safe separation is not possible at an official place
- Potentially rabies infected non-carnivorous animals shall be inspected once every 3 weeks. During the monitoring, the animal shall be kept isolated to avoid contact with humans and with other animals
Preventive measures of duck viral enteritis
- No free keeping on natural water during the 2 weeks before egg-laying period
- Infect d natural water: no susceptible birds for 2 years except vaccinate broiler ducks
- Breeding and broiler flocks shall not be kept together
Official surveillance of duck viral enteritis &
Movement restrictions
- Birds showing clinical signs: killing
- No clinical signs:
- -> Immediate slaughter: heat treated meat products or vaccination (recovered flock):
- -> 30 days observation, no breeding, movement restriction until slaughter or
- -> 28 days of observation, hatching eggs are disinfected, separate hatching (2 checks during hatching), separate fattening of the hatched birds
Common rules for disease control of duck viral enteritits
- Notification
- Harmonized control measures
- Uniformity of diagnostic procedures
- Contingency plans
- Epidemiological units
- Financial support
Regionalization of duck viral enteritis
- Apply strict controls to a defined area of the community to control and eradicate a disease
- Prevent spread of disease from the defined area
- Permit free movement of animal/product outside the defined area
Qualification of flocks in fowl typhoid
Blood tests
- 1st 3 weeks before production period
- 2nd 20-25% production
Non-vaccinated flock:
- 2x10% from the building
- if + test all
- if +>3% –> infected flock
- +<3%, identification, isolation, blood sample for laboratory examination at vet institute
Vaccinated flock:
- Blood test before vaccination or bacteriology of dead eggs or day-old chickens
- Blood test at institute of minimum 20 animals
Free pedigree or grand parent flock in fowl typhoid
- All + at the 2nd test <0.5%
- Infected birds are eliminated
- Bacteriology of dead eggs and day-old chickens
Free parent and production flock in fowl typhoid
- Birds originate from free flock
- All +<1%
- Infected birds are eliminated
- Bacteriology of dead eggs and day-old chickens
- Individual identification of hatching eggs
- Only eggs originating from free flock may be hatched
Day-old chickens in fowl typhoid
- During the first 5 days of life minimum 1 sample for lab examination
- <10 carcasses: all
- 11-50 carcasses: 10
- > 50 carcasses every 5th, maximum 50
Definition? of “diseased animal in fowl typhoid”
Typical clinical signs or pathological lesions: - Detection of causative agent Infected animal: - Detection of antibodies Infected egg: - Detection of causative agent Infected breeding flock: - No vaccination - Infected animals >3% or - Diseased animal Suspected of being infected breeding flock: - No vaccination - Infected animals 1-3%
Definition of “Avian influenza”
A disease of poultry or other captive birds with influenza A virus
- of subtype H5 or H7 or
- with an intravenous pathogenicity index in 6 week old chicken greater than 1.2
Definition of “Highly pathogenic avian influenza”
An infection of poultry or other captive birds caused by
- avian influenza viruses of the subtypes H5 or H7 with genome sequences coding for multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site of hemagglutinin molecule, indicating that the hemagglutinin molecule can be cleaved by a host ubiquitous protease or
- avian influenza viruses with a intravenous pathogenicity index in 6 week old chickens greater than 1.2
Definition of “Low pathogenic avian influenza”
An infection of poultry or other captive birds caused by avian influenza viruses of subtypes H5 or H7 that do not come within the definition of HPAI
Differentiating infected from vaccinated animal (DIVA) strategy
- A vaccination strategy that enables differentiation to be made between vaccinated/infected and vaccinated/non-infected animals through the application of a diagnostic test designed to detect antibodies against the field virus and the use of non-vaccinated sentinel birds
Measures to be applied on holding when HPAI outbreaks are confirmed
- All poultry and other captive birds on the holding shall be killed without delay under official supervision
- Member states may grant derogations for certain species of poultry or other captive birds not to be killed, based on assessment of the risk of further spread of avian influenza
- All carcasses and eggs shall be disposed of under official supervision
- Poultry already hatched from eggs collected from the holding during the period between the probably introduction of HPAI and the application of stamping out, wherever possible, be placed under official supervision
- Meat of poultry slaughtered and eggs collected from the holding during the period between the probably introduction of HPAI on the holding and the application of measures of stamping out measures shall, wherever possible, be traced and disposed under official supervision
- All substances and waste likely to be contaminated, such as feed, shall be destroyed or undergo treatment to ensure the destruction of the avian influenza virus
- The buildings used for housing, pastures or land, the equipment and the vehicles, likely to be contaminated shall undergo treatment
- Other captive birds or mammals of domestic species shall not enter or leave the holding without the authorization of the competent authority. That restriction shall not apply to mammals of domestic species which have access only to the living areas of humans
- In the case of primary outbreak the virus isolate shall be subjected to the laboratory procedure to identify the genetic subtype
Derogations in case of HPAI
Non-commercial holding, a circus, a zoo, a bird pet shop, a wildlife park, a fenced area where poultry or other captive birds are kept for scientific purposes or purposes related to the conservation of endangered species or officially registered rare breeds of poultry or other captive birds, provided that such derogations do not endanger disease control
Measures in the protection zone in case of avian influenza
- A census of all the holdings is made as soon as possible
- All commercial holdings are visited by an official veterinarian as soon as possible for a clinical examination of the poultry and other captive birds and, if necessary, the collection of samples for lab tests; a record of such visits and the findings thereof shall be kept
- Non-commercial holdings are visited by an official veterinarian before the lifting of the protection zone
- Additional surveillance is immediately implemented in order to identify any further spread of avian influenza in the holdings located in the protection zone
Measures on holding in protection zone
- All poultry and other captive birds are brought inside a building on their holding and kept there. Minimise their contact with wild birds;
- Carcases are disposed of as soon as possible;
- Vehicles and equipment likely to be contaminated, undergo treatment without delay;
- All parts of vehicles used by staff or other persons are likely to have become contaminated undergo treatment without delay ;
- No poultry, other captive birds or domestic mammals may enter or leave a holding without authorisation of the competent authority. This restriction shall not apply to mammals which have access only to the living areas for humans in which they: - have no contact with resident poultry or other captive birds, and - have no access to any cages or areas where such resident poultry or other captive birds are kept;
- Any increased morbidity or mortality or significant drop in production data in holdings is immediately reported to the competent authority
- Any person entering or leaving holdings observes appropriate biosecurity measures aimed at preventing the spread of avian influenza;
- Records of all persons visiting holdings, except dwellings, are kept by the owner in order to facilitate disease surveillance and control and must be made available upon request by the competent authority.
- Fairs, markets, shows or other gatherings of poultry or other captive birds are prohibited in protection zones.
- Poultry or other captive birds for restocking of game are not released in protection zones.
- The movement and transport from holdings on to roads, excluding private service roads of holdings, or by rail, of poultry, other captive birds, ready-to-lay poultry, day-old chicks, eggs and carcases are prohibited.
- These prohibitions shall not apply to transit through the protection zone on roads or rail without unloading or stopping.
- The measures shall be maintained for at least 21 days following the date of completion of preliminary cleansing and disinfection on the infected holding and until holdings located in the protection zone have been tested.
- When the measures are no longer to be maintained, the measures for surveillance zone shall apply in the former protection zone.
Measures to be applied on the holding where LPAI outbreaks are confirmed
• official surveillance and movement restriction are applied on the basis of a risk assessment
• All poultry on the holding and other captive birds of species in which LPAI has been confirmed are depopulation under official surveillance in such a way as to prevent the spread of avian influenza
• The depopulation may be extended to other captive birds on the holding based on the assessment of the risk that they pose as regards further spread of avian influenza and to other holdings that may be considered as contact holdings, based on the epidemiological inquiry.
• Before depopulation, no poultry or other captive birds shall enter or leave the holding, unless authorised by the competent authority.
• The competent authority shall decide that the poultry or other captive birds are:
killed as soon as possible, or slaughtered in a designated slaughterhouse.
• When depopulation is by slaughter in a designated slaughterhouse, the poultry shall be subjected to further surveillance and testing.
• Carcases, and hatching eggs on the holding are disposed
• The measures of official surveillance and movement restrictions are applied to contact holdings until the presence of LPAI has been excluded
• Immediately following an outbreak of LPAI, the competent authority shall establish a restricted zone with a radius of at least 1 kilometre around the holding
Repopulation of holdings in case of avian influenza
21 days following the completion of the final cleansing and disinfection
Strict disinfection in case of avian influenza
- Preliminary cleansing and disinfection
* Final cleansing and disinfection
Official measures in case of confirmation of Newcastle disease on a holding
- all poultry are killed on the spot
- the carcasses and eggs are destroyed
- any substance or waste liable to be contaminated is destroyed or treated
- the meat of poultry slaughtered during the presumed incubation period is traced and destroyed
- hatching eggs laid during the presumed incubation period is traced and destroyed, poultry which hatched from such eggs are placed under official surveillance
- thorough cleaning and disinfection
- reintroduction at least 21 days after the end of the disinfection operations
Official measures in case of confirmation of Newcastle disease in pigeons
- application of the control and eradication measures provided for the poultry
- or at least a ban on movement of the pigeons or birds kept in captivity for at least 60 days
- destruction or treatment of any matter or waste likely to be contaminated
- an epizootiological inquiry
- use of swill is prohibited for the feeding of poultry
- contingency plan
