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HIST405 > MT 2 Short Topics > Flashcards

MT 2 Short Topics Flashcards

1
Q

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company

A
  • English-founded company in 1908 in Iran
  • Mossadeq, president of Iran, believed the company to unfairly profit from Iranian oil and demanded renegotiations
  • Mossadeq later removed through CIA operation AJAX due to American intervention
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2
Q

1967 Arab-Israeli War

A
  • Pre-emptive strike on surrounding states by Israel
  • Israel seizes Gaza and the Sinai from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria in 6 days
  • Worsened Palestinian-Israeli relations. PLO felt Palestine should replace territory rather than share with Israel
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3
Q

1973 Arab-Israeli War

A
  • Aka the Yom Kippur War. Egypt surprise attacks Israel hoping to reclaim the Sinai on Yom Kippur when the country was praying
  • Arab loss due to disorganized military, while Israelis fought for their existence
  • Resulted in Egypt being voted out of the Arab league
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4
Q

ARAMCO (Arabian-American Oil Company)

A
  • SA allowed SOCAL (American oil company, to explore for oil
  • 1950 King Abdulaziz threatened to nationalize ARAMCO, forcing it to share profits 50/50
  • After the 1973 A-I War, SA took a 25% stake in ARAMCO and eventually gained full control
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5
Q

Hafiz al-Asad

A
  • President of Syria from 1971-2000 who took part in the Syrian coup d’etat in 1963
  • Established an all-Arab alliance with Iraq, Jordan, Lebanaon, and the PLO
  • Did not establish Iraqi Ba’athist ties due to his aspirations of a Greater Syria and advanced Arab cooperations in the late 70s
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6
Q

Hassan al-Banna

A
  • One of the founders of the Muslim Brotherhood
  • Major organization of the Arab world which spread Islam throughout the world
  • Dismantled after the 1948 War with Israel and later assassinated in 1949
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7
Q

Ba’athist Party

A
  • Founded by Michel Aflaq in Syria 1947 as a socialist concept of Arab nationalism
  • Wanted a United Arab Republic, fell apart in the 60s as a result of independent nationalist movement
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8
Q

Menachem Begin

A
  • PM of Israel during the late 1970s-early 1980s
  • Achieved the Camp David peace accords with Anwar Sadat
  • Resulted in territorial concession of the Sinai to Egypt and Egypt acknowledging Israel’s existence
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9
Q

George W. Bush and George Bush Sr.

A
  • GB Sr. president of the US in the early 90s
  • Led a coalition of countries against Iraq during the Gulf War
  • GWB president of the US in 2001-2008
  • In office during the 9/11 attacks and declared the War on Terror with Iraq/Afghanistan
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10
Q

Camp David Accords

A
  • Series of negotiations with US president Jimmy Carter
  • Series of peace accords between Israel/Egypt in 1979
  • Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai while Egypt acknowledged Israel’s existence as a legitimate state
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11
Q

Camp David II

A
  • Another series of accords led by Clinton in 2000 in attempt to broker peace between Israel and Palestine
  • No resolution regarding East Jerusalem and Palestinian territories were reached
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12
Q

Jimmy Carter

A
  • US president 1977-1981 who led the Camp David Accords
  • Oversaw the release of the US hostages taken during the Iran Hostage Crisis in 1979
  • Oversaw operation Eagle Claw - ultimately failed resulting in a loss of US officials and aircrafts
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13
Q

Desert Shield

A
  • First phase of the Gulf War
  • Aimed at “protecting” SA from threat of an Iraqi invasion
  • Coordinated during the same time as Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
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14
Q

Desert Storm

A
  • Second phase of the Gulf War
  • Result of a UN resolution that would result in the invasion of Iraq using massive airstrike campaigns and a following ground invasion
  • Resulted in American occupation in Saudi Arabia which provoked al-Qaeda, religious extremism, and modern warfare
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15
Q

Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty

A
  • Brokered by Jimmy Carter in 1979 during Camp David
  • Future talks of the state of Palestine and the legitimacy of Israel as a state
  • Seen negatively by pan-Arabist views, indirectly leading to Anwar Sadat’s assassination in 1981
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16
Q

Fateh

A
  • A prominent Palestinian political party founded by Yasser Arafat in 1959
  • Later merged with the PLO in opposition to Hamas, which later proved the stronger political force in 2006
  • Internal conflict between Palestinian political parties
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17
Q

Saddam Hussein

A
  • Prominent figure in Iraq in 1960s and 1979 leader of the Baath party who seized power in 1980
  • Leader during the Iran-Iraq war, and later led the Kuwait invasion in 1990
  • Had hostile impressions and paranoia towards the US resulting in American invasion of Iraq in search of WMDs
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18
Q

Intifada (Palestinian context)

A
  • Series of Palestinian uprisings in effort to rally for independence against Israeli occupation
  • 1st: Began in late 80s, use of civil striking, stoning, and assaults on military personel
  • 2nd: 2000-05, response to settlement with Israel resulting in further civil uprisings (not as widespread but included suicide bombing campaigns)
  • Resulted in the West Bank Barrier construction by Israel and failed attempts at peace accords
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19
Q

Iran/Embassy Hostage Crisis

A
  • Radical Iranian students took control of the American Embassy in Tehran, 1979-1981
  • Performed in order to make the US return the Shah to Iran for trial and execution and to unfreeze Iran’s government assets
  • Crisis ended due to Iran-Iraq war, governments entered and signed the Algiers Accords which freed the hostages in 1981
  • Marked hostile relations with the US and a shift in American-Iranian foreign policy
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20
Q

Iran-Iraq War

A
  • Spanned 1980-1988
  • Provoked Iraqi invasion under Hussein from fear of a spread of Shia population into the East and opportunity to invade in the wake of the Iranian Revolution
  • Resulted in stalemate with no territorial gains on either side. Longest War in the 20th century, with Iraq deriving support from Arab/US forces, while Iran was left independent with support from the USSR
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21
Q

Iraq Liberation Act

A
  • Called by the US under Clinton in 1998 for transition towards a democratic Iraq
  • Claimed Iraq violated many international laws and allegedly possessed WMD
  • Later used as leverage to invade Iraq post 9/11 to eradicate Hussein and begin the War on Terror
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22
Q

Iran Sanctions Regime

A
  • Series of harsh sanctions against Iraq by the UN at the beginning of the Gulf War in 1990
  • Meant to encourage Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait, pay reparations, and eliminate any WMDs
  • Developed further hostility towards the US and religious extremist groups (ie. ISIS)
23
Q

Islam Jihad Group/Ayman al-Zawarhri

A
  • Leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad
  • Responsible for assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981 and arrest of al-Zawarhri
  • Later merged with al-Qaeda and became second in command to Osama Bin Lader and eventually the leader of Al-Qaeda
24
Q

Islamic Republic 1979 Constitution

A
  • Result of 1979 Iranian Revolution, resulting in the overthrowing of the Shah and Ayatollah Rouhani Komeini as leader
  • Adopted a harsh stance towards the West in favour of Islamic traditions and “Islamification” of Iranian society
25
Q

jahiliyya

A
  • Concept of ignorance of the practices Islamism
  • Conceived by Sayid Qutb as a way of describing peoples and places which went against the nonsecular teachings of the Quran
  • ie. Nasser in Egypt
26
Q

Ayatollah Khomeini

A
  • Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran after the Iranian Revolution in 1979
  • Became the leader of Iran following the Iranian Revolution, with a goal of Islamification of Iranian society
  • Led to alienation of relations with the US, who largely supported Reza Shah
27
Q

Kurdish Separatism/Uprisings of 1987/91

A
  • Sizable and rebellious minority with own language and culture in Iraq
  • Uprising in 1987 in Northern Iraq to reclaim Kurdish homeland and acquire independence from Iraq
  • Iraqi suppression of revolts due to Shia ties to Kurds, unlike the largely Shiite populations in Iraq
  • Largely uncoordinated insurgencies, uprisings in 1991 in belief Hussein was weakened by war in Kuwait
  • Suppressed by Iraqi government creating a refugee crisis and establishment of self-governed territory of Iraqi-Kurdistan
28
Q

Maijlis (Iran)

A
  • Arabic word for council
  • Lower legislative council before 1979 Revolution
  • Later known as the Guardian Council after the Revolution
29
Q

Golda Meir

A
  • Israeli teacher, fourth PM of Israel from 1969-1974 until after the Yom Kippur war
  • aka the “Iron Lady” of Israeli Politics
  • Was forced to avoid pre-emptive attacks due to US pressures from Henry Kissinger
30
Q

Muslim Brotherhood

A
  • Multi-national Islamic revivalist organization based in Egypt by teacher Hassan al-Banna
  • Originally established 1928 as a social youth club, stressed moral and social reform rooted in Islam
  • Political organization by 1939
31
Q

Gamal Abdel Nasser

A
  • Military general and key player in overthrowing of King Farouk in 1952
  • Later became President Egypt, and nationalized the Suez Canal despite French and British protest
32
Q

No-Fly Zones

A
  • Part of UN sanctions against Iraq during the Gulf War
  • Iraqi planes would not be able to fly over northern/southern regions of Iraq
  • Regulated and patrolled by American and British air forces until 2003
33
Q

Oil Embargo 1973

A
  • Result of Western aid during 1973 Yom Kippur War
  • Members of OPEC collectively raised price of oil
  • Caused huge strain on American-Arab relations and US panic due to decrease in oil supply
34
Q

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

A
  • Economic cartel that aims to manage Arab supply of oil and manipulate it to “coordinate and unify petroleum prices” of both producing and purchasing countries
  • Founding members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela in 1960
35
Q

Oslo Accords

A
  • Series of negotiations and Palestinians in 1993
  • Aimed to end of the First Intifada, and marked the first peace accords between Palestine and Israel, although they largely fell through
  • Resulted in uprisings of the second Intifada, suicide bombings, and the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
36
Q

“Reza Shah” Pahlavi

A
  • Self-Proclaimed Shah of Iran who took power 1921 through military coup
  • Promoted deep secularism in Iranian government and policy, and aimed to create primary loyalty to nationalism
37
Q

Palestinian Authority

A
  • Governing body of all Palestinian territories created in 1993 following the Oslo Accords
  • Large control over Gaza and parts of the West Bank
38
Q

Palestinian Liberation Organization

A
  • Created in 1964 by Yasser Arafat to fight Israeli occupation and advocated a fully independent Palestine
  • Initially seen as a terrorist organization by Israel, which later recognized the State of Israel following the Oslo Accords
39
Q

Sayyid Qutb

A
  • Islamic author known for creating a political Islamic movement
  • Harbored large large anti-Western sentiments and towards secular government
  • Later inspired extremist and other Islamic factions
40
Q

Yitzhak Rabin

A
  • PM of Israel during the 1990s
  • Sought peace with the Palestinians following the First Intifada, and oversaw the Oslo Accords as a step to brining peace to Palestine/Israel
  • Later assassinated for making territorial concessions
41
Q

Rentier State

A
  • State which derives the majority of its revenues from rent of domestic resources to foreign clients
  • General absence of domestic taxation, economy focused on personal wealth precluding the need for national income
  • ie. SA, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE - authoritarian regimes in the ME without democratic regimes
42
Q

Anwar Sadat

A
  • President of Egypt in the 1970s, invaded Israel in the Yom Kippur War
  • Mediated the Camp David Accords, resulting in the acquisition of the Sinai and acknowledgement of Israel as a legitimate state
  • Later assassinated as a result of his acknowledgement of Israel angered Arab extremists
43
Q

Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud

A
  • Founder of modern day SA and proclaimed King
  • Conquered surrounding regions to create current SA
  • Discovered oil in the region
44
Q

SCUD Missiles

A
  • Soviet-made missiles sold to many Arab countries in the ME
  • During the Gulf War, Hussein fired many SCUD missiles into Israel in order to coerce them into coalition
  • Potentially contained chemical agents making them very deadly
45
Q

Security Council Resolution 678

A
  • Gave Iraq an ultimatum to withdraw from Kuwait or face a coalition invasion of armies
  • Essentially gave legal means to invade Iraq
46
Q

Ali Shariati

A
  • Iranian revolutionary and main inspiration for 1979 Iranian Revolutions
  • Often spoke against government, often arrested, and imprisoned
  • Held philosophically Islamic views and spread them to his students who were involved in the 1979 Revolution
47
Q

Signposts/Signposts On the Road

A
  • The most well-known book by Sayyid Qutb written in the 1960s
  • Focused on Arab peoples who strayed from Islamism and his anti-Western views toward secular regimes and governments
48
Q

Tudeh

A
  • Iranian Communist Party

- After the 1953 Iranian coup, many were arrested and the party took further heat during the 1979 Revolution

49
Q

“Two Cultures” Phenomenon

A
  • Theory that claims the West is split into two cultures, science and humanities
  • Technological advances in military equipment with well-educated leaders in the humanities resulted in Western leadership
50
Q

United Arab Republic (UAR)

A
  • Belief that Egypt and Syria would unify as a country with Arabic national Ideals
  • Following the 1961 Syrian coup, the UAR union was dismantled
51
Q

United Nations Expeditionary Force (UNEF) in Sinai

A
  • Created by the UN and Lester B. Pearson
  • Aimed to ensure peace was maintained in Sinai after the 1956 Suez Crisis
  • Redeployed after 1973 Yom Kippur war and withdrew from the region in 1979 after peace accords were drawn between Israel and Egypt
52
Q

UN Resolution 242

A
  • Adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council (November 1967) after the Six-Day War
  • Saw the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the 1967 war
  • Resolution not accepted by the PLO
53
Q

UNSCOM - Iraq

A
  • UN Special Committee created 1991 to ensure Iraq’s compliance with its production of WMDs after the Gulf War
  • 1991-95, UN inspectors uncovered massive program to develop biological and nuclear weapons later confiscated and destroyed
  • Inspectors kicked out in late 1998 by Hussein, resulting in military bombardment by America/Britain (Operation Desert Fox)
  • Bombardments aimed at striking military/security targets in Iraq to continue Iraq’s disarmament
  • Root cause of 2003 invasion of Iraq

HIST405 (3 decks)

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