Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psyc 365 > mt 2 deck > Flashcards

mt 2 deck Flashcards

1
Q

bottom up procesing

A

piece together info coming infrom the world to make sense of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

predictive coding mocels

A

stress the idea that we dont have direct access to the world. we only get signals that are interpreted by our sensory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bayesian statisticians priors:

A

hypothesis about how likely things are in general and how lilely they are tp be true in the current situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

feedforward based mocel

A

signal or info gets apssed forward from one node to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bottom up processing

A

feed forward (mostly) processes as info gets passed from V1 forward. neurons respond to features of objects in an increasingly large scale and higher levels of abstraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

feedforward models illustrate info that is

A

coming in from the world and going from basic sensory areas to high level integration areas of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

treatise on psychological optics

A

brain is a prediction machine, perception is just unconscious inference (we infer the cause of a sensation in the world via its effects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

von helmholtz view of perception

A

generation of a best guess (inference) about the state of the world, in view of the data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do predictive coding models view the role of visual cortex neurons

A

predictions based on the probability the stimulus will have particular features. error detection- they respond to a mismatch between predicted signal and actual signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

generative model

A

model of the world that our brain produces whose business is to use what we know about how the world works to generate predictions (hypothesis) about what the object or scene in question is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

higher level hypothesis

A

ex “there are no bears in pacific spirit park” or “there are bears in the mountains”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lower level hypothesis

A

influenced by higher level hypothesis. ex “if there is a bear there should be movement and sound”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lowest level hypothesis

A

specific to each modality (taste, touch, smell, hearing, vision). hypothesis are compared with incoming info from the senses. happens in the primary visual cortex (V1) /IOC. prediction sent down to all the specialized detectors of features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens at each level according to predictive coding?

A

there are representational units that encode expectations, or the probability of a given stimulus under the circumstances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do representational units do?

A

send down their predictions of what they expect to receive from the lower level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do error units do?

A

encode or read suprise (mismatch between predictions and bottom up evidence from the senses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens to error signals

A

sent forward up to the next higher level where the expectations are adjusted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens if a mismatch between prediction and reality?

A

prediction error is generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens to the prediction error

A

sent up the heirarchy, causing the revision of the hypotheses at the level above. if the next level up cant minimize the prediction error, then the prediction error gets pushed farther up the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does a higher level in the hypothesis levels mean?

A

more substantail revision of the hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when does preception happen

A

when the prediction error is minimized with the winning hypothesis forming the contents of the preception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

basics of the egner paper

A

used an encoding approach to fMRI to empirically test predictions stemming from predictive coding models against feature-based models of object perception in the ventral stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

egner paper big picture question

A

does the predicitive coding explain visual objects recognition better than classic heirarchal feature-based model?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how was the big picture question in the egner paper studied?

A

by taking advantage of what we know about category selective populations of neurons in the fusifor face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the 2 views of visual perception according to egner paper?

A

perdicitive coding:
perception is inference
2 units at every level of visual hierarchy (representation (expectation)) or error (surprise)
feature detection:
visual neurons just respond to features of an object
ex: FFA neurons respond to face features such as eyes, facial configuration, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what was the research question of the egner paper

A

does BOLD activity in the FFA refelect responses to expectation and surprise? Or just face features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what was the general hypothesis of the egner paper

A

FFA activity will be an additivie function of expectation and surprise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what was the alternative hypothesis of the egner paper

A

there will alays be more FFA activation to faces (expectation and surprise will not matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

experimental design of egner paper

A

fMRI study
coloured fram was shown before a face or house stimulus appeared.
participant had to press a button whenever they saw an upside down face or house (target)
manipulated expectation by saying different coloured squares had different likelihood of face of house being shown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what was the point of the upside down target in the egner paper

A

keep attentional demands constant across condtions, so their results couldn’t just be explained by differences in attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

independent and dependent variables of egner paper

A

independent: stimulus probability (% of time it is a face vs a house), stimulus feature (house or face), target vs non target (upside down or not)
dependent: reaction time, BOLD in FFA and PPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

results of the fMRI in egner paper

A

predictive coding prediction: biggest difference btwn faces and houses with low face expectation
FFA activity looks most like the coding models predictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

conclusions of the egner paper

A

bottom up feature detection model: neurons respond to features that match preferred stimulus
predictive coding model: representation units code expected features. Error units code mismatched between expected signal and actual signal from the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

key points of feature detection model

A

feedforward volley of sensory information
heirarchal
feature focused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

key points of feature detection model

A

feedforward volley of sensory information
heirarchal
feature focused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

key points of predictive coding (PC) model

A

expectations/predictions: based on memory/experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is inattentional blindness

A

failure to see fairly major changes to a visual scene when you’re attending to something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is change blindness

A

failure to see gradual changes when they are not the center of focal attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

overt vs covert attention

A

whether you are attending something by using your eyes or just your mind

40
Q

selective attention

A

select info that is relevant and filter out info that is irrelevant.
selective attention can be overt or covert

41
Q

overt attention

A

the eye moves to focus on the objects of attention

42
Q

covert attention

A

you attend to an area of spaces but the eye does not move
object of attention is in your peripheral vision

43
Q

how does selective attention hapen

A

when you filter the world so that you attend to what is important and ignore what is not

44
Q

top down attention system

A

deliberate, conscious, goal directed, attentional set
mental templates that allow us to selectively attend to a certain category of stimulus before it appears.
involve holding in mind features or location of the object you’re expecting

45
Q

bottom up attention system

A

involuntary, captures attention, despite our goals, feature based

46
Q

dorsal attentional networks

A

top down
frontal eye fields, intraparietal sulcus
ramps up brain regions for space or features that are relevant to what you are focused on

47
Q

ventral attentional networks

A

bottom up
ventral frontal cortex, temporoparietal junction
both regions influence activity in the visual cortex

48
Q

what is biased competition

A

even before you see something, holding an attentional set primes the neurons that respond to what you’re attending to and suppresses the ones to competing areas or features

49
Q

what is feature based attention

A

bottom up

50
Q

what is task based attention

A

top down

51
Q

what mediates top down and bottom up

A

DAN and VAN respectively

52
Q

how is sustained attention measured

A

by the sustained attention to response task (SART)
see a series of letters, usually have to press a button when you see all but one of the letters, but one letter signifies that you need NOT press the button
if you zone out and automatically press the button, it takes concentration to remember to not press the button

53
Q

difficulties in sustained attention

A

easily distracted by non relevant stimuli
often forgetful in daily activities
difficulty sustaining attention during activities
difficulty following instructions/failing to complete tasks
missing details/making mistakes
avoidance of activities that require sustained mental effort

54
Q

positive incentive/seeking system

A

motivational system linked to emotional feelings of hope, anticipation, and desire
DA is v important here

55
Q

fear system

A

evoked by pain and threat of destruction
linked to emotions of anxiety, alarm, foreboding
high stimulation of the system is run, low stimulation is freeze, humans report intense anxiety when stimulated

56
Q

rage system

A

when the body is restrained, irritated, or frustrated
associated with feelings of hate, anger, and indignation

57
Q

panic system

A

triggered by social loss
feelings of separation distress, loneliness, grief
based on mammalian need for parental care/nursing when offspring are young and over the lifetime for warmth and affiliation

58
Q

what is the amygdala the hub for

A

motivated attention
tags what is biologically important

59
Q

what problem does the amygdala solve

A

limited capacity information processing system that receives a constant stream of diverse inputs selectively process those inputs that are the most relevant to the goals of the animal

60
Q

how does the amygdala related to the visual cortex

A

it modulates it

61
Q

emotionally salient

A

cature attention- something stands out from its surroundings because of its emotional relevance. grabs attention

62
Q

how did we first learn about the role of the amygdala in emotionally biased attention

A

from the study of patient SP. SP had amygdala lesions on both sides from severe epilepsy (right was surgically removed and left was damaged by seizures).

63
Q

how did they test SP’s emotions guided their attention?

A

attentional blink task

64
Q

what is an attentional blink

A

when you fail to see a second target stimulus in a stream of stimuli when it comes too soon (within half a second) of a first target stimulus

65
Q

what is emotional sparing

A

an emotional attention set for guiding attention to things that are emotionally relevant

66
Q

what kind of attentional process does manipulating visual similarity get at?

A

bottom up - VAN

67
Q

what was the conclusion of the study with SP

A

the amygdala influences selective attention for emotional relevance but not perceptual salience

68
Q

emotional experience of SP and control people

A

they experience no difference in positive or negative emotions over a 30 day period

69
Q

what happens in an attentional blink task with people who survived a near plane crash

A

they are more likely to see words related to a plane crash

70
Q

what is the difference between fear and anxiety

A

fear is when there in an identifiable threat in the near future.
anxiety is about threatening things that could happen in the future, its the fear system kicking into over drive

71
Q

how does anxiety affect our attentional bias for threat

A

amygdala is more sensitive to threat than reward
leads to elevated physiological response, sensory processing, memory, rumination
attention is captured by threatening stimuli
capture is followed by avoidance (you stop attending the thing you find threatening)

72
Q

how have the grade A blue ribbon emotional systems been conserved

A

evolutionarily

73
Q

what does the amygdala do

A

tags emotional salience and routes info to other brain regions to enhance attention (as well as learning and memory)

74
Q

what can loss of amygdala result in

A

impaired attention to what is emotionally relevant

75
Q

what is the amygdala key for

A

tuning attention to what is relevant in the world based on experience

76
Q

what happens to amygdala and attentional bias in anxiety and PTSD

A

attentional bias to threat is extreme, and amygdala systems can go into overdrive and hurt more than they help

77
Q

michael posner covert attention task

A

observers are instructed to look out for the appearance of a visual target in the periphery of their vision, but they are also told to keep their eyes fixed on a central dot

78
Q

results of michael posner’s covert attention task

A

the targets on the attended side are detected more quickly than the targets on the unattended side.

79
Q

if people are scanned during covert attending what is seen

A

an enhancement in activation in the intraparietal sulcus and in the frontal eye field

80
Q

what makes up the dorsal attention system

A

frontal eye field and cortex in the intraparietal sulcus

81
Q

what is an anatomical system

A

group of areas that are closely interconnected

82
Q

what is resting state covariance

A

spontaneous activity in these areas varying in synchrony

83
Q

in the dorsal attention system, how is the coretx in the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal eye field mapped

A

spatially

84
Q

letter cancellation task

A

display of different letters is presented and the person is asked to cross out or cancel all the exemplars of a particular letter. usually used as a diagnostic test for the clinical syndrome of spatial neglect

85
Q

how does spatial neglect tend to happen

A

strokes that involve the right parietal cortex, usually including the inferior parietal cortex

86
Q

what forms the ventral attention system

A

inferior parietal cortex and TPJ (temoro-parietal junction)

87
Q

TPJ implication

A

forms a critical node at which the temporal and parietal cortex can interact

88
Q

shulman and corbetta task

A

had some features of the letter cancellation task.
had to detect a particular object amongst an array of objects presented on either side of the central point.
a cue specified which side there were to attend to and the target object always appeared amongst the objectives on the attended side.
attention was covert because the observers were required to keep their gaze on the central point

89
Q

main findings of shulman and corbetta’s task?

A

when targets were detected there was activation on the right inferior parietal cortex and TPJ irrespective of whether the targets were on the left or right (activation on the left was only when targets were on the right)
dorsal and ventral attention systems activations were greater when attention was shifted to the other side rather than being directed to the same side as on previous trial. true for right TPJ irrespective of which side it switched, but in the left TPJ it was only greater for switches to the right

90
Q

cortex in the intraparietal sulcus of each hemisphere is involved in

A

attending to the opposite side of space

91
Q

what region is involved in recognizing targets

A

temporal lobe

92
Q

Kaster’s experiment

A

photos shown of cluttered scenes, some had people, or cars, or trees.
critical displays had both people and cars
people were targets (positive), cars were distractors (negative), trees were not relevant (neutral)

93
Q

results of Kaster’s experiment

A

MVPA identified patterns of activation to see what class of objects was being shown.
analysis was performed in the activations of temporal lobe involved in recognition of objects
it was easier to identify people than trees, but more difficult to identify cars than trees.
while representation of the targets was enhanced, the distractors was suppressed.

94
Q

buchel task

A

scanned people while they had to remember a series of tine and at the same time they were presented with distracting pictures of objects.
distraction reduced the activation in the LO complex, especially when the auditory memory task was difficult
suggests that info in the irrelecant visual stream was inhibited

95
Q

how does distraction affect pain

A

when someone is distracted while pain is applied, they report less pain
this originates from the prefrontal cortex. sends connections back to higher sensory areas (top down). these signals seem to evoke a release of opiates in the system and it is the release that moderates pain

96
Q

what area is involved in setting up a task

A

prefrontal cortex

97
Q

3 ways top down can signals can exert a selective effect

A

set up the task by enhancing processing in the relevant sensory stream
set up the targets by creating a template against which they can be matched
if the task is performed with distractions, the can inhibit the processing in the irrelevant stream

psyc 365 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions