MT 1

Question 1

What are some concerns with increasing the use of prescription drugs

Answer 1

• increase adverse effects due to multiple drug combinations
• challenges with compliance and misuse
• cost and affordability

Question 2

What is the increasing use of prescription drugs driven by

Answer 2

• the aging population with chronic conditions
• development and innovative drug therapy
• changes in prescription drug coverage

Question 3

A medication list allows an optometrist to identify…

Answer 3

the most accurate list of medications a patients is on and should be currently taking.

Question 4

A medication list allows an optometrist to reconcile…

Answer 4

a patients current medication history to their medical history resolve discrepancies with other providers of care

Question 5

A medication list allows an optometrist to reduce…

Answer 5

potential/actual adverse drug events

Question 6

what does it mean when a dr prescribes “off label medication use”

Answer 6

when a doctor prescribes an FDA-approved drug for a different purpose than what the FDA intended

Question 7

What is a common approach with the grading system

Answer 7

to grade the strength of the recommendation and quality of the evidence separately

Question 8

Class 1

Answer 8

• strong
• benefits > risk
• recommended
• indicated to be more useful and effective

Question 9

Class IIa

Answer 9

• moderate
• benefits > risk
• ## reasonable to prescribe

Question 10

Class IIb

Answer 10

• weak
• benefits around equal to risk
• can be considered and/or
  reasonable
• effectiveness is unknown

Question 11

Class III (Moderate)

Answer 11

• No benefit; moderate
• benefit = risk
• not recommended
• should not be adminsteres

Question 12

Class III (Strong)

Answer 12

• risk > benefit
• potentially harmful
• associated with excess morbidity. mortality
• should not be administered

Question 13

Define pharmacology

Answer 13

study and science of effects of drugs on the function of living systems

Question 14

Clinical pharmacology

Answer 14

the effects of drugs on physiological systems or patients

Question 15

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 15

the study of therapeutic uses and effects of drugs

Question 16

Diagnostic

Answer 16

used to aid in the examination, evaluation, and diagnosis of the patient or a patient condition

Question 17

Prophylatic

Answer 17

Used to prevent illness, infection, complication adverse effect, etc

Question 18

Treatment

Answer 18

Used in therapeutic management of disease or medical conditions

Question 19

How is fluorescein used as a diagnostic

Answer 19

used as a fluorescent dye strip to stain the anterior segment of the eye for disclosing corneal injury and in procedures (fitting CL) or as injection in ophthalmic angiography

Question 20

How are injectables or IV contrast media uses as a diagnostic

Answer 20

allows for radiographic visualization of vessels and anatomical structures in the path flow of the contrast media

Question 21

How is proparacine used as a prophylactic

Answer 21

a local opthalmic anesthetic is usef for tonometry, gonioscopy, removal of corneal foreign body

Question 22

What does proparacine prevent

Answer 22

pain in the eye during the procedure

Question 23

How are vaccines used as a prophylactic

Answer 23

influenza vaccines are used to prevent the flu

Question 24

How is moxifloxacin used as a treatment

Answer 24

it is a fluroquinolone antibiotic that is used for the treatment of bacterial conjuctivitis

Question 25

Vigamox rx

Answer 25

instill 1 drop into effected eye(s) 3x daily for 7 days

Question 26

Moxeza rx

Answer 26

instill 1 drop into affected eye(s) 2x daily for 7 days

Question 27

Moxifloxacin types

Answer 27

Vigamox and moxeza

Question 28

How is metoprolol used as a treatment

Answer 28

it is a beta blocker for the treatment of hypertension

Question 29

FDA definition of drug

Answer 29

- substance recognized by official pharmacopoeia or formulary - substance intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, of prevention of disease - substance other than food intended to affect structure or any function of the body - substane intended for use as component of medicine but not a device or component, part or or accessory of a device - biological products , but difference exist regarding their manufacturing process (chemical v biological)

Question 31

What are vitamin products regulated by the FDA as

Answer 31

Dietary supplements

Question 32

Dietary supplements are regulates by FDA as...

Answer 32

FOOD not drugs

Question 33

How can dietary supplements be dangerous to patients

Answer 33

products can contain hidden drugs that are falsely marketed as dietary supplements

Question 34

What does the law define dietary supplements as

Answer 34

as products taken by mouth that contain "dietary ingredient" intended to supplement the diet

Question 35

Besides vitamins, what else is listed in "dietary ingredients"

Answer 35

minerals, botanical products, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, microbial probiotics, and metabolites

Question 36

Biological products definition

Answer 36

included within definition of drug and generally covered by same laws and regulations

Question 37

What differentiates a drug from a biological product

Answer 37

- manufacturing process - made from variety of natural sources

Question 38

How are drugs and biological products similar

Answer 38

both are used to treat diseases and medical conditions and to prevent or diagnose diseases

Question 39

How are conventional drugs synthesized

Answer 39

Conventional drugs: chemically synthesizes and structure is unknown

Question 40

How are biological products synthesized

Answer 40

most are complex mixtures which are not easily identifiable or characterized

Question 41

Biologics tend to be..

Answer 41

heat sensitive, and susceptible to microbial contamination

Question 42

What does biologic manufacturing require

Answer 42

strict aseptic principles

Question 43

List some examples of biological products

Answer 43

- vaccines - blood and blood products - allergenic extracts - gene and cellular therapies - recombinant DNA derived proteins - monoclonal antibodies

Question 44

What are the 3 general approaches used for medications derived from molecular biological techniques and small molecule kinase inhibitors

Answer 44

- interference w/ cytokine function - inhibition of "second signal" required for T- cell activation - Depletion of B cells

Question 45

What are some examples of cytokines

Answer 45

interleukins and Tumor Necrosis Factors

Question 46

What do T cells produce

Answer 46

interleukins

Question 47

What is TNF and where is is involved?

Answer 47

- pro inflammatory cytokine - involved in systemic inflammation

Question 48

T and B cell characteristics

Answer 48

- types of WBC - produces in lymphoid tissue (BM and thymus) - agranulocytes - involved in humoral or antibody immunity and cellular immunity