MST Flashcards
What are macromolecules?
Macromolecules are large groupings of many compounds, these then have different abilities depending on what the compounds are.
Examples of Macromolecules?
Properties of each example?
-Saccharides are carbs. These are called monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose) or poly saccharides depending on how many there are. These are used as storage, cell signaling, digestive health and structuring.
-Proteins are another example, with a monomer of animo acids. These are used to make enzymes, transport, movement, communication.
-Nucleotides are what creates the DNA, they are codons which are used to tell the genetic makeup of the organism is. A monomer which are the A, T (U), C, G.
-Lipids, fatty acid, alcohol and phosphate group. Ester linkages. There is a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic end. Function as energy storage and chemical messengers. Fats, oils, waxes, hormones.
What is gene expression and how do you read it?
Gene expression is when the codons of the gene are expressed and therefore, we are able to see the exact nucleotides. Gene expression is also when DNA is transcribed into mRNA through RNA and then translated into a protein through ribosomes.
What are the 3 codon mutations that can occur?
The three codon mutations are when a nucleotide is either: removed or added to the sequence; changed into a different nucleotide; or a pre-emptive stop codon is formed.
What is DNA and RNA structure?
DNA is deoxyribose nucleic acid and RNA is ribose nucleic acid. There is one structural difference which changes the function of the nucleic acid, this is an oxygen on the 2 carbon of RNA. They are both made up of a phosphate group, sugar, nucleotide.
What is the soil microbiome?
The soil microbiome is the environment that is in the soil, this encompasses all the bacteria, archaea, fungi, Protists, viruses and it interacts with the nutrient cycling and soil structure.
What are the three domains?
Properties of each?
The three domains are:
-Eukaryotes: Have cell membrane; only some
have cell walls (e.g. plants [cellulose], fungi [chitin]), genetic material encased within nucleus, chromosomes are linear, unicellular or multicellular, have pathogenic species, Possess organelles.
-Archaea: Have a cell wall (polysaccharide)
and cell membrane, genetic material is free-floating within cytoplasm, circular chromosome, Unicellular, no known pathogenic species.
-Bacteria: Have a cell wall (peptidoglycan)
and cell membrane, genetic material is free-floating, Mithin cytoplasm, Circular chromosome, Unicellular, have pathogenic species.
What is Binary Fusion?
Binary fission is when the genetic material is duplicated and then the membrane elongates, then a wall is formed and then the parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells.
What is needed for cells to survive?
The right temperature, pH, nutrient availability, oxygen, growth factors
What are similarities between the 3 domains?
Has both DNA & RNA, Phospholipid membrane, Ribosomes & makes Proteins, has a cytoplasm.
How can Prokaryotes be used in everyday life?
Prokaryotes are used in food - for example yogurt and many dairy products- and medicine.
What is the Structure of Eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cell has either a cell membrane or cell wall, they have membrane bound organelles, a nucleus, usually found in multicellular organisms.
Difference between plants and animal cells?
The main difference between plants and animal cells is that plants have cell walls and chloroplast whereas animal cells have cell walls and no chloroplasts.
What is the origin of the nucleus?
The nucleus it thought to be formed from the inwards folding of a nucleoid from a past prokaryote.
What is the origin of the mitochondria?
The mitochondria was a purple bacteria that ended up in a symbiotic relationship with the cell and has stated through reproduction.
