MST Flashcards
What are macromolecules?
Macromolecules are large groupings of many compounds, these then have different abilities depending on what the compounds are.
Examples of Macromolecules?
Properties of each example?
-Saccharides are carbs. These are called monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose) or poly saccharides depending on how many there are. These are used as storage, cell signaling, digestive health and structuring.
-Proteins are another example, with a monomer of animo acids. These are used to make enzymes, transport, movement, communication.
-Nucleotides are what creates the DNA, they are codons which are used to tell the genetic makeup of the organism is. A monomer which are the A, T (U), C, G.
-Lipids, fatty acid, alcohol and phosphate group. Ester linkages. There is a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic end. Function as energy storage and chemical messengers. Fats, oils, waxes, hormones.
What is gene expression and how do you read it?
Gene expression is when the codons of the gene are expressed and therefore, we are able to see the exact nucleotides. Gene expression is also when DNA is transcribed into mRNA through RNA and then translated into a protein through ribosomes.
What are the 3 codon mutations that can occur?
The three codon mutations are when a nucleotide is either: removed or added to the sequence; changed into a different nucleotide; or a pre-emptive stop codon is formed.
What is DNA and RNA structure?
DNA is deoxyribose nucleic acid and RNA is ribose nucleic acid. There is one structural difference which changes the function of the nucleic acid, this is an oxygen on the 2 carbon of RNA. They are both made up of a phosphate group, sugar, nucleotide.
What is the soil microbiome?
The soil microbiome is the environment that is in the soil, this encompasses all the bacteria, archaea, fungi, Protists, viruses and it interacts with the nutrient cycling and soil structure.
What are the three domains?
Properties of each?
The three domains are:
-Eukaryotes: Have cell membrane; only some
have cell walls (e.g. plants [cellulose], fungi [chitin]), genetic material encased within nucleus, chromosomes are linear, unicellular or multicellular, have pathogenic species, Possess organelles.
-Archaea: Have a cell wall (polysaccharide)
and cell membrane, genetic material is free-floating within cytoplasm, circular chromosome, Unicellular, no known pathogenic species.
-Bacteria: Have a cell wall (peptidoglycan)
and cell membrane, genetic material is free-floating, Mithin cytoplasm, Circular chromosome, Unicellular, have pathogenic species.
What is Binary Fusion?
Binary fission is when the genetic material is duplicated and then the membrane elongates, then a wall is formed and then the parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells.
What is needed for cells to survive?
The right temperature, pH, nutrient availability, oxygen, growth factors
What are similarities between the 3 domains?
Has both DNA & RNA, Phospholipid membrane, Ribosomes & makes Proteins, has a cytoplasm.
How can Prokaryotes be used in everyday life?
Prokaryotes are used in food - for example yogurt and many dairy products- and medicine.
What is the Structure of Eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cell has either a cell membrane or cell wall, they have membrane bound organelles, a nucleus, usually found in multicellular organisms.
Difference between plants and animal cells?
The main difference between plants and animal cells is that plants have cell walls and chloroplast whereas animal cells have cell walls and no chloroplasts.
What is the origin of the nucleus?
The nucleus it thought to be formed from the inwards folding of a nucleoid from a past prokaryote.
What is the origin of the mitochondria?
The mitochondria was a purple bacteria that ended up in a symbiotic relationship with the cell and has stated through reproduction.
What is the origin of the chloroplast?
The chloroplast was a cyanobacteria and was able to convert energy into food and not need energy through consumption and so in now still in plants.
What is the Endomembrane system?
The endomembrane system is the system that is used to transport energy within the cell.
Examples of organelles involved in the endomembrane system and their function.
Nucleus (holds the DNA ready for replication), Endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis and lipid metabolism), Golgi apparatus (receives the proteins and lipids and gets them ready to be shipped in vesicles to other areas of the cell or body), vesicles (what the proteins and lipids are shipped in).
What is the cytoskeleton?
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments that help shape the cell and the movement within.
What is the Eukaryotic cell cycle?
The eukaryotic cell cycle is Growth–>DNA synthesis–>growth–>mitosis.
What is the Eukaryotic cell division?
Mitosis: Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
How do molecules move between cells?
Examples and properties.
- Diffusion is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.
○ Simple diffusion is when molecules move freely though a semipermeable membrane, non-polar and small
○ Passive facilitated transport is when the particles are assisted by transport proteins
○ Primary active transport is when larger molecules use pumps to get through, these pumps use ATP to help go against the gradient.
○ Secondary active transport is when a secondary pump uses excess energy from the primary pump to pump more molecules across the membrane.
§ Example of passive: glucose going into cells when exercising
§ Example of active: glucose getting pumped out of cells after eating sugar
What is concentration gradient?
Concentration gradient is the amount of concentrate on each side of the membrane and where the concentrate wants to move to
What is water potential?
Water potential is the amount of free water molecules in an area, the water wants to not be free.
