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Memory > MSM > Flashcards

MSM Flashcards

1
Q

Who came up with the MSM?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

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2
Q

What is the duration of sensory memory?

A

0.5 seconds

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3
Q

What is the encoding of sensory memory?

A

Visually

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4
Q

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

A

Unlimited

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5
Q

What is the duration of STM?

A

18-30 seconds

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6
Q

What is the encoding of STM?

A

Acoustically

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7
Q

What is capacity of STM?

A

7 + or - 2

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8
Q

What is the duration of LTM?

A

Lifetime

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9
Q

What is the encoding of LTM?

A

Semantically

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10
Q

What is the capacity of LTM?

A

Unlimited

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11
Q

What is haptic encoding?

A

Touch

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12
Q

What is iconic encoding?

A

Visual

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13
Q

What is echoic encoding?

A

Acoustic

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14
Q

Who conducted research for the duration of sensory memory?

A

Walsh and Thompson (1978)

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15
Q

What did Walsh and Thompson (1978) find?

A

The iconic sensory store has an average duration of 500 milliseconds, which decreases as an individual gets older. This suggests the duration of sensory memories is limited and dependent on age

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16
Q

Who conducted research for capacity in sensory memory?

A

Sperling (1960)

17
Q

What did Sperling (1960) find?

A

Studied the sensory memory for vision (iconic store). He asked subjects to recall as many letters as they could from a grid of 12 symbols that he displayed on a screen for just 50 milliseconds, and found that while they could only recall around 4 of the symbols before the grid faded from their sensory memory, they typically reported seeing a lot more than they had time to report

18
Q

Who conducted research into duration of STM?

A

Peterson and Peterson (1959)

19
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson (1959) find?

A

Read nonsense trigrams to participants e.g. PXT and then got them to count backwards in 3s from a large random 3 digit number for varying periods of time. After a 3 second delay there was 80% recall compared to just 10% after 18 seconds

20
Q

Who conducted research into coding for STM?

A

Baddeley (1966)

21
Q

What did Baddeley (1966) find for STM?

A

Gave p’s four sets of words.
- Set 1 was similar sounds like cat, map, cap, mat and
- Set 2 was different sounds like dog, bin, cup, pen.
- Set 3 had similar meanings like big, large, huge, vast
- Set 4 had words with different meanings like huge, good, light, blue
When asked to recall immediately (testing STM), p’s made more mistakes on words that sounded alike (set 1)

22
Q

Who conducted research into capacity of STM?

A

Jacobs (1887)

23
Q

What did Jacobs (1887) find?

A

Tested STM capacity with the serial digit span method where participants are presented with increasingly long lists of numbers or letters and have to recall them in the right order. Jacobs found the capacity for numbers was 9.3 items and for letters 7.3 items

24
Q

Who investigated research into duration for LTM?

A

Bahrick et al (1975)

25
Q

What did Bahrick et al. (1975) find?

A

Investigated the duration of LTM. He used a sample of 392 American ex-high-school students aged between 17 and 74. The time since leaving high school was up to 48 years. The participants were tested in several ways including free recall and a photo recognition test. The participants were asked to identify their former classmates from a set of 50 photos. LTM was assessed by comparing the participants responses with yearbooks of all the students in that year. Results showed the recognition group was 90% accurate after 14 years and 60% after 47 years

26
Q

Who investigated coding in LTM?

A

Baddeley (1966)

27
Q

What did Baddeley (1966) find in LTM?

A

Demonstrated encoding in LTM is semantic. Gave p’s four sets of words.
- Set 1 was similar sounds like cat, map, cap, mat and
- Set 2 was different sounds like dog, bin, cup, pen.
- Set 3 had similar meanings like big, large, huge, vast
- Set 4 had words with different meanings like huge, good, light, blue
When asked to recall immediately (testing STM), p’s made more mistakes on words that sounded alike (set 1)

After delayed recall - 20 mins (recall supposed to be from LTM), participants had more difficulty remembering the semantically similar words e.g. replacing huge with vast or night and dark etc.

28
Q

Who investigated capacity in LTM?

A

Wagenaar (1986)

29
Q

What did Wagenaar (1986) find?

A

Created a diary of 2400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than dates, finding he too had excellent recall, again suggesting the capacity of LTM is extremely large

30
Q

Who conducted evidence supporting the MSM

A

Glanzer and Cunitz

31
Q

What did Glanzer and Cunitz find?

A

Presented two groups of participants with the same list of words. One group recalled the words immediately after presentation, while the other group recalled the words after waiting 30 seconds. Participants tended to remember the first few and last few words but were more likely to forget those in the middle of the list. This supports the existence of separate LTM and STM stores because they observed a primacy and recency affect

32
Q

What is a primacy effect?

A

The tendency for individuals without neurological impairment to show enhanced memory for items presented at the beginning of a list relative to items presented in the middle of the list

33
Q

What is a recency effect?

A

The recency effect is a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first

34
Q

What is the case of HM?

A

HM was a male patient who suffered from severe epilepsy. He underwent major surgery to relieve the symptoms. The temporal lobes of both sides of his brain were removed. Since the surgery HM has been unable to form new long-term memories. His STM is relatively normal by he could not extend his STM by rehearsal and therefore was unable to transfer information from the STM to the LTM.

Memory (6 decks)

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