MSK, Head & Neck Flashcards
What are the 7 bodily structures relevant to a head & neck assessment?
Skull Muscles Salivary glands Temporal Artery Lymph Nodes Trachea Thyroid Gland
On your own head, point to the following bones of the skull:
Frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, maxilla, mandible, mastoid process, and temporomandibular joint
look at a diagram on google or in notes to confirm
On your own head, point to the following muscles/parts of the head:
palpebral fissure, nasolabial fold, masseter, sternomastoid, trapezious
look at a diagram on google or in notes to confirm
On your own head, point to the following lymph nodes of the head:
posterior auricular, preauricular, occipital, jogulodigastric, superficial cervical, deep cervical chain, posterior cervical, supraclavicular, submandibular, submental
look at a diagram on google or in notes to confirm
What are the 3 salivary glands in the jaw? Name them from top of the mandible down to the chin.
parotid gland
submandibular gland
sublingual gland
What are the major arteries (2) that stem from the common carotid artery and veins (2) surrounding the sternomastoid muscle and the one artery that carries on to the face?
Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Temporal artery (face) external carotid artery internal carotid artery
What are the two salivary glands you can see by inspection if they are infected?
Parotid & sublingual
Name the major structures of the neck (9) [in order from highest to lowest]
hyoid bone thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage thyroid gland isthmus of the thyroid trachea sternomastoid musle clavicle manubrium (of sternum) check notes for diagram
What anatomical structure is also known as the adams apple
thyroid cartilage
What are some developmental considerations for the head/neck of infants?
- Fontanels “soft spots”
- Caput Succedaneum (swelling/bruising on the presenting part; will self-resolve)
- Cephalohematoma (hemorrhage between the periosteum and the skull; will self-resolve)
- Molding
What are some developmental considerations for the head/neck of pregnant women and older persons?
pregnant persons
- thyroid hyperplasia (enlargement)
older persons
- decrease elasticity and fat stores in the skin may cause facial bones to appear more prominent
What are the components of a subjective head & neck assessment? (5) What do you do if you find any abnormalities?
- unusual/ frequent headaches
- history of head injuries & lasting symptoms; surgeries
- dizziness/vertigo
- neck pain and/or limited neck movement
- lumps or swelling
If any of these are found -> PQRSTU AAA
Describe the difference b/w objective and subjective vertigo.
obj = room spinning subj = the person feels like they're spinning
What things should you inspect and palpate for during the objective assessment of the head and neck?
- size and shape of head
- temporal area (symmetry + temporomandibular joint)
- face (symmetry)
- neck (symm, ROM, enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged salivery glands)
- trachea
- thyroid gland
Describe difference b/w microcephaly and macrocephaly
micro - small head
macro - large head
What is the technique for palpating lymph nodes? What are we looking for?
Using gentle circular motions. Looking for size, shape, location, mobility, consistency (hard/soft), tenderness.
Describe what a normal healthy node should feel like?
moveable, soft, and non-tender nodes
Describe what an infected node should feel like?
enlarged (palpable), tender, firm, and movable nodes
Describe what a possibly cancerous node should feel like?
hard, fixed, non-tender node
Name the functions of the MSK system (6)
- Support (ex. for standing)
- Movement
- Protection (of internal organs)
- RBC production (bone marrow)
- Storage for essential minerals (Ex. Ca and phosporous)
- Framework (of the body)
What are the relevant structures of the MSK system?
Bones Muscles Cartilage Joints Bursa Ligaments (remember ACL tears) Tendons
Describe the difference between synovial and non synovial joints.
Nonsynovial Joints – only slightly moveable joints Ex. between vertebrae or bones of the skull
Synovial Joints – freely moveable joints, contain synovial fluid and a layer of cartilage between the two bones
What is the function of muscle and what are the 3 types of muscle?
Fxn: create movement by contracting
Types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Go through the skeletal muscle movements on the back of this card
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Pronation Supination Circumduction Inversion Eversion Rotation Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression
Which of the following are hinge joints (select all that apply): Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Spine/vertebral joints Shoulder Elbows Wrist & carpal joints Hips Knee Ankle and Foot
Hinge: TMJ Elbows Knee Ankle and Foot
Ball and socket:
Hips
Shoulder
What are some developmental considerations in MSK assessments of
a) infants and children
b) pregnant persons
c) older persons
a) hip dysplasia (dislocation) & growing pains
b) increased mobility of joints Ex. Lordosis (postural change)
c) Loss of bone density – osteoporosis may occur
Muscle mass decreases
Decreased height b/c of shortening of the vertebral column
Kyphosis = curving of the thoracic spine
What are the components of a subjective MSK assessment? (5)
Joints - pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, limitations to ROM
Muscles - pain, weakness
Bones - Pain, congenital anomaly, injury, numbness/tingling
Functional assessment - ADLs
Self-care - exercise, occupational hazards, medds
Name all ROMs for each joint in the body.
TMJ - Open-close, Protrusion-retraction, side to side
Spine/vertebral joints - flexion, extension, abduction, rotation
Shoulder - flexion, hyperextension, internal rotation, abduction, adduction, external rotation, circumduction
Elbows - flex/extend
Wrist - flex/extend, side to side
Carpal joints - finger flex/extend
Hips - flexion, internal and external rotation, abduction,
adduction, circumduction
Knee - flex/extend
Ankle and Foot - flex/extend, inversion/eversion
What are the characteristics of the spine?
- 33 vertebrae 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-4 coccygeal (sometimes fused in people = 3 or not = 4) - Between each bone is an intervertebral cartilage - Paravertebral muscles - Double S curve
Name the three bones that meet to make the elbow. Point to the the epicondyles (2) and olecranon process.
humerus
radius
ulna
medial and lateral epicondyles
What joints allows for pronation/supination? Where are they?
radioulnar joints at elbow and wrist
Name the joints found in the hand (excluding wrist joint)
mid-carpal joints
mid-carpal (carpal as in “carpal-tunnel” aka base of hand)
Metacarpophalangeal
Interphalangeal joints
What are the bony landmarks of the hip? (4)
Iliac crest (anterior + posterior iliac spine) ischial tuberosity greater trochanter
Knee:
- articulation of which 3 bones?
- what muscle attaches here?
- what are the 2 bony landmarks nearby
- Articulation of the femur, tibia and patella
- Quadriceps muscle – assess symmetry
- Bony landmarks: lateral and medial condyles of the tibia & lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur
What are the two joints of the ankle/foot that you need to know?
Tibiotalar joint
- Hinge joint -> flexion & extension
- Bony land marks: medial malleolus & lateral malleolus
Subtallar joint
- Movements: inversion & eversion of ankle
What are the components of an objective MSK assessment? (4)
Inspection - Size, contour(shape/symmetry), colour (redness), swelling, masses, anomalies
Palpation - Temperature, tenderness, swelling, masses, muscles, bony articulations, crepitation (cracking sound)
ROM - passive and active (look up definition if udk)
Muscle Testing - for strength against opposing force
T or F:
audible clicking of joints is a normal sign.
True as long as there is no pain
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is the impingement of the _____ nerve. What two tests are used to assess possible presence of CTS?
Medial nerve
Phalen’s Test
- Hands back to back, fingers pointing down
- Numbness or burning = concern
Tinel’s Sign
- Tap in the middle of the inside of wrist
- Numbness or burning = concern
