Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Child Health > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gower’s sign?

A

When a child uses hands to ‘walk up’ their body because they have weak proximal (thigh and hip) muscles.

Seen in muscular dystrophy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the stages of an paediatric MSK examination?

A 
Gait
Standing
Supine (lying on back)
Prone (lying on front)
Sitting down
Abdomen (as pain can be referred here from hip)
Look for Gower's sign
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is lumbar hyperlordosis? In which patients is this commonly seen?

A

When the lumbar spine is curved inwards too much

Muscular dystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is antalgic gait?

A

When pain causes abnormal gait.

The phase of the gait in which there is weight bearing is shortened to avoid pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is short limb gait?

A

When one leg is shorter than other so pelvis moves up and down on side of shorter leg.

Looks like a lurching gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Trendelenburg gait? What causes it?

A

The sound side sags! One hip sags down due to weakness of abductor muscles in lower limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is equinus gait? What causes it?

A

Tiptoe walking

Can just be habit, spasticity (in cerebral palsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is steppage gait? What causes it?

A

Lifts knee up high to avoid tripping up on foot affected by foot drop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is ataxic gait?

A

Uncoordinated gait, as if drunk.

Cerebellum problem, problem with joint proprioception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define valgus and varus.

A

Valgus: away from midline
(vulgur, you want to get away!)

Varus: towards midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is genu varum?

A

Feet are more towards midline and knees are away from midline

Bow legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is genu valgum?

A

Feet are away from midline, knees are towards

Knock knees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is in-toeing and out-toeing? Cause? Which is more common?

A

When toes point either inwards or outwards.
Children are born with abnormalities that cause both of these.

In-toeing is more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name and briefly describe the 3 causes of in-toeing.

A

Metatarsus varus (feet look like crescent moon)

Tibial torsion (tibia is laterally rotated less that normal, so feet point to eachother)

Femoral anteversion (femoral neck is twisted forward more than usual, knees and feet point to eachother)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most cases of in-toeing resolve themselves. True or false?

A

True, by age 5-8.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is ‘W sitting’ a sign of?

A

Femoral anteversion, one of the causes of in-toeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is clubfoot?

A

Congenital deformity where the foot is rotated inwardly at the ankle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment of clubfoot?

A

Use plaster and braces to realign the foot, takes several months.
Or in severe cases surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

AKA hip dysplasia

Actually a spectrum of disorders ranging from subluxation (partial dislocation) to frank dislocation of the hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does subluxation mean?

A

Partial dislocation of a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

If picked up early can be managed conservatively

If picked up late, more complex, may require surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Children are screened for developmental dysplasia of the hip at 6 months. True or false?

A

False

They are screened as part of the routine examination of the newborn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How would a older infant present with developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

A limp or abnormal gait
Asymmetrical skin folds around hip
Shortening of affected leg
Limited abduction of hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Most cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip resolve themselves. True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How should an infant with developmental dysplasia of the hip be monitored during treatment? What are we checking for?
USS To monitor progress To check for necrosis of the femoral head
26
What is scoliosis? | What are the features seen?
Lateral curvature of the spine (sideways) And rotation of the vertebral bodies causing a twisted spine Features: - Asymmetry of ribs due to twisted spine, causing prominence in the back - Difference in shoulder height
27
What are the categories of scoliosis? And list some types of scoliosis that fall in each category.
Idiopathic: infantile, juvenile, adolescent, adult Neuromuscular: cerebral palsy, spina bifida, muscular dystrophy Syndromic: Marfan's, neurofibromatosis Other: tumour, osteoporosis, infection
28
Management of scoliosis?
Braces are used to slow progression or prevent worsening Surgery if scoliosis is causing issues, spinal fusion
29
What is kyphosis? Which part of the spine is most often affected?
Curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane (front to back) Usually the thoracic and cervical spine
30
What is torticollis? What's the most common cause in infants? What are some causes in older children?
Abnormal head and neck position In infants, sternomastoid tumour. This usually resolves itself and is benign. In children: muscle spasm, secondary to ENT infection, spinal tumour, arthritis
31
List the 3 most common causes of a limp in a child under 4.
Osteomyelitis caused by an infection is most common Fracture of tibia or foot Inflammatory arthritis
32
List some common causes of a limp in a child aged 4 and above.
Stress fracture, epiphyseal fracture Inflammatory arthritis Perthe's disease Osteomyelitis
33
What's Perthe's disease?
Ischaemia followed by avascular necrosis of the femoral head Self-limiting, bone eventually regenerate and remodels.
34
Pathogenesis of Perthe's disease? | What causes Perthe's disease?
Interruption of blood supply to the femoral epiphysis of the femoral head. Followed by revascularisation and reossification over 18-36 months Not known what the cause is
35
Risk factors of Perthe's disease?
Boys 5x more likely to get it than girls Age 5-10 Rarer in non-Caucasians
36
Presentation of Perthe's disease?
``` Insidious onset of limp + hip or knee pain Effusion in knee Antalgic gait Usually unilateral Limited ROM of hip ```
37
Investigations of Perthe's disease?
Bloods: FBC, ESR | X-ray: you'll see increased density
38
Management of Perthe's disease?
If caught early enough it improves on its own. Bed rest and traction. In severe cases surgery
39
What's the difference between septic arthritis and osteomyelitis?
Septic arthritis is infection in the joint space Osteomyelitis is infection of the bone
40
Which age group is commonly affected by septic arthritis?
Under 2
41
Pathogenesis of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis?
Haematogenous spread | Or from puncture wound or infected skin lesion over joint
42
What's the most common bug that causes septic arthritis and osteomyelitis? Name some others!
Staph aureus Others: Streptococcus H. influenzae Kingella kingae
43
Which sites are most commonly affected in osteomyelitis?
Distal femur | Proximal tibia
44
Presentation of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis?
Painful, immobile joint/limb Fever Swelling, erythema, tenderness over area Effusion
45
Management of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis?
Antibiotics IV Flucloxacillin Sometimes aspiration of joint Surgery if very severe
46
What is transient synovitis?
Inflammation of the synovium of the hip joint that causes pain on movement of joint. Often follows a minor viral infection, (may be because synovial cells are similar shape to some virus antigens)
47
Management of transient synovitis?
Bed rest, painkillers and anti-inflammatories Gets better by itself
48
List some types of JIA and briefly say
1. Oligoarticular: fewer than 4 joints 2. Polyarticular: more than 4 joints 3. Psoriatic arthritis: link with psoriasis 4. Enthesitis-related arthritis: childhood equivalent of ankylosing spondylitis 5. Systemic onset JIA: systemic upset as well as joint pain
49
In general what is the presentation of JIA?
``` Swelling of joint Morning stiffness Loss of ROM Pain Deformity Erythema, warmth ```
50
Which subtype of JIA is this? A 7 year old boy with painful left knee and right hip. He is limping but still able to play. He has also been struggling to read recently.
Oligoarticular JIA Less than 4 joints involved, milder, association with anterior uveitis
51
Which subtype of JIA is this? A 4 year old girl with a swollen left little finger, she also has dry elbows and scalp and pitting of the nails.
Psoriatic arthritis Dactylitis, psoriasis, pitting of nails
52
Which subtype of JIA is this? 8 year old boy with painful hips and knees (bilateral) and right wrist. He's unable to walk to school anymore.
Polyarticular JIA More than 4 joints, severe
53
Which subtype of JIA is this? 12 year old boy who started with painful feet 1 yr ago, he now also has painful legs, pelvis and spine.
Enthesitis related arthritis Childhood equivalent of ankylosing spondylitis, pain and inflammation spreads from feet > legs > spine
54
Which subtype of JIA is this? 13 year old girl with painful right hip and knee, salmon pink rash and low grade fever for 1 week.
Systemic onset JIA Systemic illness as well as joint pain
55
Why should children with JIA be referred to an ophthalmologist?
Because of the association between JIA (especially oligarticualr) and anterior uveitis
56
Presentation of anterior uveitis?
Often nothing until late stage when there is loss of vision Can get painful, red eye
57
Which of the JIA's has associated mortality? Why?
Systemic onset JIA Internal organ involvement, hepatitis, splenomegaly etc.
58
Management of JIA?
Painkillers: Paracetamol NSAIDS: ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen DMARDS: methotrexate Biologics: etanercept, infliximab Steroids: injection or oral, prednisolone
59
Differential diagnosis of systemic onset JIA?
Malignancy: ALL, lymphoma Septic arthritis IBD (can sometimes start as arthritis)
60
Investigations of joint pain?
Bloods: - FBC (anaemia, leucocytes) - ESR/CRP - ANA - Rheum factor - HLA B27 Imaging: - XR - USS can show effusion - (MRI)
61
What are some complications of JIA?
Joint deformity, destruction - narrow joint spaces - swan neck, boutonniere - subluxation Anterior uveitis (can lead to blindness) Growth restriction Osteoporosis Emotional (physical limitations, missing school etc)
62
What is Osgood-Schlatter disease? Presentation? Who gets it?
Inflammation of the patellar ligament at the tibial tuberosity. It is characterized by a painful bump just below the knee that is worse with activity and better with rest. Episodes of pain typically last a few weeks to month. Sporty teenagers

Child Health (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions