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ESA 2 - Recap > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of the axilla?

A

AAABBC

Axillary artery

Axillary vein

Axillary lymph nodes

Brachial plexus

Biceps brachii

Coracobrachialis

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2
Q

What would be the consequence of a fracture of the humerus at the:

a) surgical neck
b) mid shaft
c) Distal end

A

a) Damage to arterial circumflex and necrosis. Damage to axillary nerve
b) Danage to brachial artery, radial nerve, and wrist drop

c ) Damage to ulnar nerve

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3
Q

What would occur in damage to the long thoracic nerve?

A

Winged scapula due to loss of tonic contraction of serratus anterior

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4
Q

What is a clinical sign of a scaphoid fracture?

A

Tenderness of anatomical snuffbox

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5
Q

What is a colles’ fracture?

A

Falling on outstretched hands

Distal fragment displaced posteriorly, dinner fork appearance

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6
Q

What is a smiths fracture?

A

Falling on flexed wrists

Distal fragment displaced anteriorly, spade appearance

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7
Q

Draw the brachial plexus

A
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8
Q

What are the nerve roots of the:

a) median nerve
b) musculocutaneous
c) Ulnar
d) Radial
e) Axillary

A

a) C6 - 6 letters in median

b and c) Musculocutaneous and ulnar is all possibilities there musc = c5 - c7, ulnar = C8-T1

d) Radial = C5 - T1
e) Axillary = C5-6

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9
Q

What happens in injury to the upper brachial plexus and lower brachial plexus>? Where would you test for paralysis.

A

Upper - erb’s palsy. Waiter tip appearance. Lateral side of arm paralysis

Lower - Klumpke’s palsy. Paralysis of small muscles of hand. Medial side of arm paralysis

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10
Q

What would happen if the median nerve was damaged:

a) at the elbow
b) at the wrist

A

a) unable to flex first 3 digits. forearm supinated and weak flexion. Hand of benediction
b) unable to flex first 3 digits. Hand of benediciton

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11
Q

State the borders of the cubital fossa and what it contains.

A

Medial - Pronator teres

Lateral - Brachioradialis

Superior - Imaginary line between epicondyles

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Radial Nerve

Biceps Tendon

Brachial Artery

Median Nerve

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12
Q

What is student’s elbow?

A

Inflammation of the subcutaneous olecranon bursa

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13
Q

Name the bones of the wrist

A

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Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquitrum

Pisiform

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Hamate

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14
Q

What is tennis elbow and golf elbow?

A

Tennis elbow - Lateral epicondylitis

Golf elbow - Medial epicondylitis

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15
Q

Name the posterior muscles of the forearm and actions

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor pollicis brevis

Abductor Pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis longus

Extensor digitorum

Extensor digiti minimi

Extensor indices - index finger

Supinator

Brachioradialis - flexes elbow

Anconeus

3 x 3 + 3:

3 wrist muscles

3 thumb muscles

3 finger muscles

+ 3 misc muscles - anconeus, supinator, brachioradialis

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16
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior forearm and their innervation

A

Median innervation:

Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor pollicis longus

Pronator Quadratus

FDS

Half of FDP

Ulnar innervation:

Half of FDP

Flexor carpi ulnaris

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17
Q

What is a dupuytrens contracture?

A

Shortening and thickening of palmar fascia

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18
Q

What does the carpal tunnel contain?

A

Median nerve

9 tendons - 4 FDP, 4 FDS, 1 flexor pollicis longus

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19
Q

Give 4 possible causes of carpal tunnel syndrome

A

MEDIAN TRAP

Myxoedema

edema premenstrually

Diabetes

Idiopathic

Acromegaly

Neoplasm

Trauma

Rheumatoid arthritis

Amyloidosis

Pregnancy

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20
Q

State the thenar muscles of the hand. What nerve innervates them?

A

All Fridges Operate Annually

Abductor pollicis brevis

Flexor pollicis brevis

Opponens pollicis

Adductor pollicis brevis

All median except adductor pollicis brevis which is ulnar

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21
Q

State the hypothenar muscles of the hand and their innervation

A

Abductor digiti minimi

Flexor difiti minimi brevis

Opoonens digiti minimi

Ulnar innervations

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22
Q

What is the action of the lumbricals and what innervates them?

A

Lumbricals flex at MCP joint and extend at IP joint (bye bye muscles)

Lumbricals 1 and 2 - Median

Lumbricals 3 and 4 - Ulnar

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23
Q

What is the function of the palmar and dorsal Interossei muscles and what innervates them?

A

PAD DAB

Palmar - ADducts at MCP

Dorsal - ABducts at MCP

Both innervated by ulnar

24
Q

Name the bones of the foot

A

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Talus

Calcaneous

Navicular

Medial intermediate lateral cuneiform

Cuboid

25
Q

What is the differene between an intracapsular and extracapsular fracture of the femur?

A

Intracapsular - Femoral circumflex artery damaged

26
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior thigh and their innervations and their actions

A

Psoas major

Iliacus (iliopsoas)

Recuts femoris

Vastus medialis, intermedius and lateralis

Sartorius - ABducts and lateral rotator of hip

Pectineus - ADducts at hip

All innervated by femoral nerve

27
Q

Name the muscles of the medial thigh and their innervations

A

Adductor magnus, longus, brevis

Obturator externus

Gracialis

Innervations are all Obturator Nerve

28
Q

Name the muscles of the posterior thigh and their innervations

A

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus - medial

Semimembranosus - lateral

Innervated by Sciatic Nerve

29
Q

Name the borders of the femoral triangle

A

Superior - inguinal ligament

Medial - Adductor longus

Lateral - Sartorius

30
Q

What are the contents of the femoral canal?

A

NAVEL / NAVY

Nerve

Artery

Vein

Y fronts

Nerve

Artery

Vein

Empty Space (femoral canal)

Lymph vessels

31
Q

Explain the arterial blood supply of the lower limb up to the knee

A

Abdominal Aorta –> common iliac

Common iliac splits into external and interal iliac

  1. External iliac –> femoral artery. Femoral artery goes through adductor hiatus and to the back of the knee and becomes popliteal artery
  2. Internal iliac –> gluteal arteries and obturator arteries. Obturator supples medial thigh.
32
Q

What is the nerve roots of the:

a) femoral nerve
b) obturator nerve
c) Sciatic nerve

A

a) L2 - L4
b) L2 - L4
c) L5 - S2

33
Q

What happens to the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa?

A

Splits into tibial and common fibular

34
Q

What is intermittent claudication?

A

Atherosclerosis of the lower limb arteries. Pain on exercise;

35
Q

What are the superficial gluteal muscles and their actions and innervation?

A

Gluteus maximus - infeior gluteal nerve - extensor of hip

Gluteus medius - superior gluteal nerve - abducts and medially rotates

Gluteus minimis - same as medius

36
Q

What are the deep gluteal muscles and their actions?

A

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Piriformis

Gemelli superior

Obturator internus

Gemlli inferior

Obturator externus

Quadratus femoris

All laterally rotate and abduct

37
Q

What happens in damage to the superior gluteal nerve? how would you test?

A

trendelenburgs test

Hip drop on opposite side of damage

38
Q

What are the 3 ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Pubofemoral

Iliofemoral

Ischiofemoral

39
Q

Name the vertebral column bones and the number in them

A

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Cervical - 7

Thoracic - 12

Lumbar - 5

Sacral - 5

Coccyx - 4

40
Q

what are the 2 components of an IV disc? What happens in a slipped disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus

In slipped disc - nucleus herniates through annulus fibrosus

41
Q

What is C1 and C2 called? what distinguishing features do they have?

A

C1 - Atlas. Lacks spinous process

C2 - Axis. Large spinous process.

42
Q

How would you distinguish between the vertebrae?

A

Cervical - oval foramen

Thoracic - Circular foramen

Lumbar - Triangular foramen

43
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee?

A

Lateral and medial collateral

Anterior and posterior cruciate

Patellar ligament

44
Q

How is blood supplied to the knee?

A

Via genicular arteries from the femoral artery

45
Q

What is a housemaid’s kne and a clergyman’s knee?

A

Housemaids - Inflammation of prepatellar bursa

Clergymans - Inflammation of infrapatella bursa

46
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superiormedial - semimembranosus

Superiorlateral - Biceps femoris

Inferior - heads of biceps femoris

47
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery, vein,

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

Medial to lateral VANN

48
Q

What is a popliteal cyst?

A

Inflammation of the semimembranosus bursa

49
Q

What are the lateral muscles of the leg and their innervation?

A

Fibularis longus and brevis - superficial fibular

50
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior leg and their innervation?

A

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

All deep fibular nerve

51
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior leg and their innervations and actions?

A

Gastrocnemius

Plantaris

Soleus

All above involved in plantarflexion

Popliteus - laterally rotats femur

Tibialis posterior - inversion and plantarflexion

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

All innervated by tibial nerve

52
Q

What is the order of the structures passing the medial malleolus?

A

Tom Dick And Nervous Harry

Tibialis posterior

Digitorum longus

Artery tibial

Nerve tibial

Hallucis longus

53
Q

Why might foot drop occur if head of fibula damaged?

A

Fibular nerve wraps around head of fibula.

54
Q

What are the features of OA on an xray? name 4

A

Bone cysts, sclerosis, loss of joint space, osteophytes

55
Q

How would you treat Osteoporosis?

A

bisphosphonates to inhibit osteoclast activity

56
Q

What is a potts fracture?

A

Bimalleolar fracture

57
Q
A

ESA 2 - Recap (4 decks)

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