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ESA 2 > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What nerves supply pectoralis major and minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve (C8 - T1)

Pectoralis major also supplied by lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7)

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2
Q

What nerve supplies serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve (C5 - C7)

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3
Q

What happens if serratus anterior is paralysed?

A

Normally due to damaged long thoracic nerve. Medial scapula is rotated laterally and posteriorly - winged scapula
Upper limb can’t abduct beyond 90 degrees

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the axilla?

A

Apex - cervicoaxillary canal formed by first rib, clavicle and superior edge of scapula
Base - Concave skin, subcutaneous tissue and axillary fascia
Anterior border - Pectoralis major underlying fascia
Posterior border - scapula and subscapularis
Medial border - Thoracic wall and ribs 1-4, intercostals and serratus anterior
Lateral border - Coracobrachialis and intertubecular groove of humerus

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5
Q

What are the contents of the axilla?

A

Axillary artery and vein
Axillary lymph nodes
Cords and branches of brachial plexus

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6
Q

What can an axillary artery aneurysm cause?

A

Compression of brachial plexus causing pain and anaesthesia of supplied skin

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7
Q

What are some complications of axillary clearance?

A

Lymphoedema in arm as lymph can’t drain

Can damage thoracodorsal or long thoracic nerve causing weakened medial rotation of upper limb and winged scapula

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8
Q

In limb development, what is the function of the Apical Ectodermal Ridge?

A

Induces underlying mesenchyme to stay undifferentiated and also induces development of digits

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9
Q

In limb development, what is the purpose of the Zone of Polarising Activity?

A

Maintains AER and also separates dorsal from ventral to generate asymmetry

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10
Q

What is the difference between syndactyly and polydactyly?

A

Syndactyly is fusion of digits, either by just connective tissue or by bone
Polydactyly is where extra digits form

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11
Q

What is ameila?

A

Complete absence of a limb

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12
Q

What is meromelia?

A

Partial absence of one or more limb structures
May be due to dysfunction AER
(eg phocomelia, associated with thalidomide exposure

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13
Q

In embryonic development, what does limb rotation achieve?

A

Originally, thumbs and big toes face up with elbows and knees out.
Upper limbs rotate laterally so thumbs are facing out and elbows face backwards
Lower limbs rotate medially so knees face up/forwards and soles face down

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14
Q

What forms the coracoacromial arch and why is it important?

A

Coracoacromial ligament, acromion, coracoid process and humeral capsule
Prevents upper displacement of humerus but is very tight space so inflammation quickly causes problems - painful arc syndrome

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15
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles and what are they innervated by?

A

Suprapinatus - suprascapular nerve (C4-6)
Infraspinatus - suprascapular nerve
Teres minor - Axillary nerve (C5, 6)
Subscapularis - Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5 - 7)

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16
Q

What is frozen shoulder?

A

Adhesive fibrosis and scarring between subacromial bursa, deltoid, capsule and rotator cuff muscles, due to dislocation, muscle tears or tendinitis. Can only abduct shoulder above 45 degrees by elevating and rotating scapula

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17
Q

What nerves supply the muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

All muscles innervated by median nerve (c5-t1) except flexor carpi ulnaris and median half of flexor digitorum profundus - ulnar nerve (C7 -T1)

18
Q

What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

A

Superior is imaginary line between two epicondyles
Medial is Pronator teres
Lateral is Brachioradialis

19
Q

What are the contents of the cubital fossa lateral to medial?

A

Radial nerve
Biceps Tendon
Brachial artery
Median nerve

20
Q

What are the three stages of development of osteoarthritis?

A

Extensive proteolytic breakdown of cartilage matrix
Fibrillation and erosion of cartilage and breakdown products are released into the synovium.
Products are taken up by synovial cells and this stimulates an inflammatory response

21
Q

What causes septic arthritis?

A

Bacteria gets into joint space and damages articular cartilage. Bacteria/virus then releases chondrocyte proteases which stimulates a host immune inflammatory process

22
Q

What is the process behind rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Ideopathic but there’s hyperplasia of synovium, forming a pannus which stimulates endothelial cells and triggers an immune response, destroying cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels

23
Q

What nerves innervate the muscles of the hand?

A

All innervated by ulnar nerve apart form Lateral 2 lumbricals, opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis (LOAF)

24
Q

What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
1 tendon of flexor pollicis longus
1 median nerve

25
Q

What are the boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Lateral - Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons
Medial - Extensor pollicis longus tendon
Floor - scaphoid and trapezium and radial artery
Roof - skin
Proximally - Styloid process of radius

26
Q

What is a Colles fracture?

A

Comon in elderly.

There’s forced dorsiflexion and distal segment forced dorsally giving ‘dinner fork deformity’

27
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis?

A

Tennis elbow. Pain over lateral epicondyle due to repeated forceful flexion of the wrist causing inflammation of periosteum

28
Q

What are the spinal roots of the femoral and sciatic nerves?

A

Femoral - L2-L4

Sciatic - L5 - S2

29
Q

What are coxa vera and coxa valga of the hip joint?

A

Coxa vera is a decrease in angle of femoral neck

Coxa valga is an increase in the angle of the femoral neck

30
Q

How might a hip get dislocated and what does it look like?

A

Can get dislocated posteriorly due to extreme force put on flexed knee, eg in driving accident.
Leg in shortened and medially rotated

31
Q

What nerves supply the Gluteus muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus is inferior gluteal nerve (L5 - S2)

Gluteus medius and minimus are superior gluteal nerves (L5, S1)

32
Q

What nerves supply the anterior and medial thigh muscles?

A

Anterior all supplied by femoral nerve (L2-L4) except tensor fascia lata which is supplied by superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Medial thigh muscles all innervated by obturator nerve (L2-L4)

33
Q

What nerves are the muscles of the anterior and lateral leg innervated by?

A

All by deep fibular nerve (L4 - L5) except Fibularis longus and brevis which are superficial fibular nerve (L5 - S2)

34
Q

What are the spinal roots of the tibial nerve?

A

L4 - S3

35
Q

What are the defining characteristics of different types of vertebrae?

A

Cervical have foramina in their transverse processes
Thoracic have Articular facets on superior and inferior aspects of vertebral body
Lumbar vertebrae have large bodies with articular facets on sagittal plane (medial and lateral) for improved rotation
Sacral is 5 vertebrae fused together

36
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Laterally, medial aspect of sartorius
Medially, lateral aspect of adductor longus
Superiorly - inguinal ligament

37
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A 
(Lateral to medial)
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery 
Femoral vein
Lymph canal
38
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A 
Inferiorly, gastrocnemius muscle
Superolaterally, biceps femoris
Superomedially - semimembranosus
Roof - popliteal fascia
FLoor - Posterior surface of knee joint and femur
39
Q

Where do the two cruciate ligaments insert?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament passes superoanteriorly and inserts medially
Anterior cruciate ligament passes superoposteriorly and inserts laterally

40
Q

How does the patella normally dislocate?

A

Normally dislocates laterally.

More common in women due to greater q angle so quadriceps pull more laterally than vertically

ESA 2 (4 decks)

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