Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FOP/TAS > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

risk factors for DDH

A

girls
breech
multiple pregnancy
oligohydramnios
1st degree FH
1st born
spina bifida
fixed foot deformities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

presentation of DDH at new born

A

newborn screening - Barlows and ortolani
leg length discrepancy
limitation of abduction < 60 degrees
left hip more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

presentation fo DDH older children

A
  1. affected leg shorter than other
  2. waddling gait or tip toe walking
  3. limitation of hip abduction
  4. Galeazzi sign - femoral shortening when hips flexed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

investigations for DDH

A

USS hip within 6 weeks if < 4 months old (should be 38-40 corrected gestational age)

if present over >4 months old -> x ray hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

management of DDH

A
  1. splinting using Pavlik harness, fit if less than 6 weeks old for 6 weeks then wean for 6 weeks
  2. if late diagnosis , surgical reduction >6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

complications of pavlik harness

A

avascular necrosis of femoral head
accessory nerve palsies
irreducible hip dislocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

definition of JIA

A

joint inflammation in under 16 y/o for longer than 6 weeks with no other cause found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe systemic JIA

A

fever, salmon pink rash with the fever, symmetrical joint pain, hepatosplenomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe oligoarticular arthritis

A

MOST COMMON FORM - < 6 y/o, girls

involves < 4 joints (usually lower limb)
uveitis common with ANA +VE (can be asymptomatic and present before joint pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe polyarticular arthritis

A

> 5 joints involved (smaller joints)
if RF +ve, predicts poorer disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe enthesitis arthritis

A

arthritis plus:
1. sacro-iliac / lumbrosacral pain
2. heel pain
3. acute anterior uveitis
4. lower limbs

HLA-B27 usually +ve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe juvenile psoriatic arthritis

A

affects small and large joints asymmetrically
dactylitis
nail pitting
oncholytis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

diagnosis of JIA

A
  1. raised ESR
  2. USS - joint fluid and synovial hypertrophy
  3. ANA +VE in polyarticular, oligoarticular and psoriatic - most important test to predict for blindness
  4. RF +ve in polyarticular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

management of JIA

A
  1. physiotherapy
  2. pain relief
  3. exercise
  4. NSAIDs
  5. steroids (intra-articular 1st line for oligoarticular JIA)
  6. methotrexate
  7. biologics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cause of septic arthritis

A
  1. staph aureus *
  2. group A strep
  3. haemophilus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

presentation of septic arthritis

A

red hot painful swollen joint - usually knee or hip
restricted movement/ non weight bearing
fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

investigations of septic artrhitis

A
  1. bloods - raised WCC, raised ESR/CRP, cultures
  2. joint aspiration for culture
  3. x ray - widened joint space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

management of septic arthritis

A
  1. IV antibiotics (cefuroxime) for 4-6 weeks IV
  2. pain control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cause of osteomyelitis in neonates

A

group B strep
staph aureus
e.coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cause of osteomyelitis in children

A

staph aureus
strep pneumoniae
H.influezna
K.kingae (chronic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cause of osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell disease

A

salmonella
affects diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

location of osteomyelitis in neonates vs children

A

neonates - femur or humerus + destruction of growth plates

children- long bone metaphysis (distal femur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

presentation of osteomyelitis

A

ACUTE - fever, unwell, limp, red swollen painful limb, limited movement within 1 week

CHRONIC - months of infection, unusual organism (mycobacteria), brodies abscess deep in bone of metaphysis and deep boring pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

diagnosis of osteomyelitis

A

MRI ** - detects early changes

X ray - late changes
periosteal elevation, radiolucent metaphyseal lesions

Bloods - high WCC, high CRP, high ESR, culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe slipper capital femoral epiphysis

A

displacement or slipping of the proximal femoral epiphysis at the neck

defect in hypertrophic zone on growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

risk factors for slipper capital femoral epiphysis

A
  • BOYS and OBESITY
  • trauma
  • hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism, vit d deficiency, short stature
  • contralateral SCFE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

presentation of SCFE

A

pain in hip , groin, medial thigh on walking
limp
limited internal rotation and abduction
Drehmanns sign - external hip rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

xray findings on SCFE

A

widened epiphyseal line or femoral head displacement
globular swelling of joint capsule
decalcification of epiphyseal border

29
Q

management of SCFE

A

NEED URGENT MANAGEMENT TO PREVENT AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF FEMORAL HEAD

  1. pain relief
  2. rest
  3. surgery - screw fixation across growth plate

goal is to prevent femoro-acetabular impingement, avascular necrosis, recurrence, osteoarthritis

30
Q

inheritance of ehlers danlos

A

autosomal dominant
mutation in COL5A12 gene in defective collagen V

31
Q

presentation of ehlers danlos syndrome

A
  1. hypermobile
  2. hyper extensible skin
  3. poor wound healing
  4. blue sclera
  5. developmental delay
  6. aortic regurg/ dissection of aorta
32
Q

describe mucopolysaccharidoses and diagnosis

A

group of inheritable lysosomal enzyme disorders
autosomal recessive
lead to accumulation of GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) -> detected in urine

33
Q

cause of rickets

A
  1. low vitamin D and calcium - dietary **, malnutrition
  2. lack of sunlight
  3. liver disease
  4. renal tubular loss
  5. mccune albright syndrome
  6. X linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets - 80% inherited forms of ricket (give phosphate to treat) + 50% deelop nephrocalcinosis
34
Q

vitamin D metabolsim

A
  1. UV lights absorbed through skin and turned into vitamin D3
  2. Converted in the LIVER to 25-VITAMIN- D (calcidiol)
  3. converted in the KIDNEY to 1,25-VITAMIN D (calcitriol)
35
Q

presentation of rickets

A

wrist, knee, costochondral joint swelling, tender
delayed walking, delayed gross motor development
genu varum (bow legs)
skull bossing
poor growth
enamel hypoplasia
dilated cardiomyopathy
abdominal pain
hypotonia
irritable

36
Q

x ray changes of rickets

A

cupping, splaying and fraying of metaphysis
costochondral swelling
looosers zones (areas of weajness)

37
Q

blood tests of nutritional rickets

A

low vit d
Low calcium
low phosphate
high ALP and PTH

38
Q

diagnosis and presentation of SLE

A

> 4/11 of the following

S - serositis
O - oral ulcers
A - arthritis - symmetrical
P - photosensitivity

B - blood disorder e.g. thrombocytopenia, haemolytic anaemia
R - renal e.g. lupus nephritis
A - ANA +ve 95%
I - immunological - anti DsDNA, anti smooth muscle, anti phospholipid disease
N - neurological disease e.g. seizures, psychosis

M - malar rash ‘butterfly facial rash”
D - discoid rash “sun exposed areas, scaling”

39
Q

which is the most specific blood test for SLE

A

anti Ds DNA * + anti- smith
indicates more severe disease

40
Q

management of SLE

A
  1. sun protection, exercise
  2. NSAIDs
  3. glucocorticoids
  4. hydroxychloroquine
  5. azathioprine or methotrexate
  6. biological therapies
41
Q

maternal spread of lupus to baby by…

A

anti Ro and anti La antibodies

cause heart block in 5% babies + 70% have skin lesions + thrombocytopenia

42
Q

describe type 1 osteogenesis imperfecta inheritance

A

autosomal dominant
mutation in COL1A1 gene - abnormal production of alpha chain in type 1 collagen

43
Q

presentation of osteogenesis imperfecta type 1

A

blue sclera
easy bruising
fractures
hearing loss

44
Q

list properties of bone in children

A
  • more porous
  • low mineral content
  • wider haversian canals
  • increased incidence of bucule and greenstick fractures
  • periosteal sleeve thick
45
Q

what is perthes disease

A

avascular necrosis of femoral head

interruption of blood supply causing asvascular necrosis of capital femoral epiphysis of the femoral head - followed by revascularisation and reossification over 18-36 months

46
Q

presentation of perthes disease

A

boys 4-11 y/o
pain
limitation of movement on internal rotation and abduction
small for age
afebrile

47
Q

management of perthes disease

A

containment - by abduction bracing and osteostomy

48
Q

describe osgood schlatter disease

A

inflammation of patellar ligment at the tibial tuberosity
prominent in boys and sport

49
Q

describe ankylosing spondylitis

A

common in boys
linked to HLA-B27
seronegative spondyloarthropathy

50
Q

presentation of ank spon

A

low back pain , radiating to back of legs
stiffness - worse in morning, relieved by exercise
aortic regurg
pulmonary fibrosis
IBD
nephrotic syndrome

51
Q

x ray signs in ank spon

A

1st sign = loss of costal margins/blurring of verterbal and thoracolumbar junction,
widening of joint space, anterior squaring of the vertebra

late signs = marginal sclerosis, narrowing and fusion

52
Q

presentation of achondroplasia

A

marked short stature
large head with frontal bossing
depression of nasal bridge
delayed motor milestones and hypotonia

complications: OSA, hydrocepahlus, otitis media

53
Q

presentation of reactive arthritis

A

preceded by gonorrhoea/ chlamydia

  1. arthritis
  2. conjunctivitis
  3. urethritis
    + keratoderma, blennorhagica balanitis
54
Q

associated hLA with reactive arthritis

A

HLA B27

55
Q

associated hLA with behcets disease

A

HLA B5

56
Q

presentation of behcets disease

A
  1. uveitis
  2. oral and genital ulcers
  3. eryethma nodosum

+ Thrombophlebitis, neuropathy, psychiatric

57
Q

describe scheurmanns disease

A

13-16 y/o
deep notches on anterior corner of vertebra
causes kyphosis

58
Q

most common form of scoliosis

A

idopathic late onsent/ adolescent scoliosis
painless in 70%, 20% have FH

59
Q

signs of tuberculous arthritis

A

hip *
x ray - rarefaction of bone, narrowing of joint spaces

60
Q

x ray of perthes disease

A

flattened femoral head

61
Q

presentation of drug induced lupus

A

sudden onset
after onset of drug e.g. anti fungal, antibiotics (rifampicin), valproate, biologics

62
Q

investigations of drug induced lupus

A

anti single stranded DNA (instead of double stranded DNA in SLE)
anti histone antibodies
normal complement

63
Q

signs of hypocalcaemia

A

brisk tendon reflexes
tetany
paraesthesia
prolonged QT -> arrthymias
petechiae
larynospasm - complication

64
Q

bloods of hypophosphataemic rickets

A

low phosphate
normal/ low Ca
high ALP
normal PTH

65
Q

bloods of vitamin D dependent rickets type 2

A

AR
alopecia, tooth decay
low calcium and phosphate
high ALP
high PTH
high vitamin D

66
Q

how does sjogren present

A

bilateral painless salivary gland enlargement
dry skin

67
Q

role of vitamin D

A

increase calcium reabsorption and increase phosphate reabsorption from gut

68
Q

describe colles fracture

A

distal radius fracture
damages median nerve
‘dinner fork’ deformity’

FOP/TAS (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions