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IDC SCHOOL > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 (six) basic functions of the MSK system?

A

-Support
-Protection
-Movement
-Mineral Homeostasis
-Blood Cell Production
-Triglyceride Storage

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2
Q

In which bone marrow does blood cell production occur?

A

Red Bone Marrow

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3
Q

In which bone marrow does triglyceride storage occur?

A

Yellow Bone Marrow

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4
Q

What are the 4 (four) types of bones?

A

-Long Bones
-Short Bones
-Flat Bones
-Irregular Bones

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5
Q

Long Bones are located where?

A

Thigh, leg, arm, fingers, toes

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6
Q

Short bones are located where?

A

Wrist and ankles

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7
Q

Flat bones are located where?

A

Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, and scapula

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8
Q

Irregular bones are located where?

A

Vertebrae and facial bones

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9
Q

Long bones are made up of 3 (three) sections, what are they?

A

-Diaphysis
-Epiphyses
-Metaphyses

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10
Q

The shaft of the long bone is called?

A

Diaphysis

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11
Q

The ends of a long bone are called?

A

Epiphyses

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12
Q

Part of the long bone that lies between the shaft and end of the bone?

A

Metaphyses

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13
Q

Bone building cells?

A

Osteoblast

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14
Q

Bone Maintaining cells?

A

Osteocytes

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15
Q

Cells that “digest” or destroy bones

A

Osteoclast

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16
Q

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone?

A

Ligaments

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17
Q

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

A

Tendons

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18
Q

Where are bursa sacs located?

A

-Between skin and bone
-Between tendons and bones
-Between muscles and bones
-Between ligaments and bones

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19
Q

The 4 (four) major functions of skeletal muscles?

A

-Produce body movement
-Stabilize body positions
-Store and move substances
-Produce heat

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20
Q

11 Movements of the anatomical plane:

A

-Flexion
-Extension
-Hyperextension
-Abduction
-Adduction
-Circumduction: Movement of distal end in a circle
-Rotation

Foot Specific
-Inversion
-Eversion
-dorsiflexion
-Plantarflexion

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21
Q

Three different types of muscles, and their purpose?

A

-Skeletal muscle - Movement of body parts, voluntary
-Smooth - mostly located on the GI tract, involuntary
-Cardiac - heart only, involuntary

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22
Q

Describe the grading scale for muscle strength:

A

0 - Zero - No evidence of muscle function
1 - Trace - Muscle contraction but no or very limited joint movement
2 - Poor - Complete range of motion with gravity eliminated
3 - Fair - Complete range of motion against gravity
4 - Good - Complete range of motion against gravity with some resistance
5 - Normal - Complete range of motion with full or normal resistance

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23
Q

What are the sections of the vertebral column (spine) and how many vertebrae are contained in each?

A

Cervical - 7 vertebrae
Thoracic - 12 vertebrae
Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
Coccyx - 4 fused vertebrae

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24
Q

Bones of the Thorax?

A

-Sternum
-Manubrium
-Body
-Xyphoid Process

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25
Q

What are the 3 ligaments that make up the pectoral girdle?

A

-Acromioclavicular ligament
-Coracoclavicular ligament
-Coracoacromial ligament

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26
Q

Muscles of the rotator cuff (shoulder) and their actions?

A

SITS muscles:
-Supraspinatus - Assist deltoid in abduction
-Infraspinatus - External rotation
-Teres Minor - Extends arm shoulder and external rotation
-Subscapularis - Internal rotation

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27
Q

Assist Deltoid in abduction?

A

Supraspinatus

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28
Q

External rotation of the humerus at the shoulder?

A

Infraspinatus

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29
Q

Extends arm at the shoulder and rotation of the arm externally?

A

Teres Minor

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30
Q

Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder?

A

Subscapularis

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31
Q

Pertinent muscles of the upper body (upper arm/shoulder) and their actions?

A

Deltoid - Abducts, flexes and rotates at shoulder
Trapezius - Moves the scapula multi-directionally
Levator scapula - Elevates scapula and rotates downward
Rhomboid - Elevates and adducts scapula and rotates downward
Pectoralis Major - Adducts and rotates are medially
Latissimus dorsi - Extends, adducts, and rotates arm medially, draws arm backwards
Teres Major - Extends arm, assist with adduction and rotation of arm medially
Coracobrachialis - Flexes and adducts

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32
Q

What are the muscles of the elbow and their actions?

A

Biceps brachii - Flexes are at shoulder
Brachialis - Flexes forearm
Brachioradialis - Flexes forearm
Triceps brachii - Extends forearm at elbow, extends arm at shoulder
Supinator - supinates forearm
Pronator teres - Pronates forearm

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33
Q

Name all of the bones of the hand:

A

Scaphoid (scared)
Lunate (lovers)
Triquetrum (try)
Pisiform (positions)
Trapezium (that)
Trapezoid (they)
Capitate (can’t)
Hamate (handle)

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34
Q

What are the muscles of the wrist and their actions?

A

Flexor carpi radialis - Flexes and abducts hand
Flexor Carpi ulnaris - Flexes and adducts
Palmaris - Weakly flexes hand
Flexor digitorum superficialis - flexes hand, flexes phalanges of each finger at the PIP (proximal interphalangeal joint)
Flexor digitorum profundus - Flexes hand at wrist, flexes phalanges of each finger at the DIP (distal interphalangeal joint)
Extensor carpi radialis longus - Extends and abducts hand at wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris - Extends and adducts hand at wrist
Extensor digitorum - Extends hand, extends phalanges of each finger

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35
Q

What are the nerves of the hand and what parts of the hand do they cover?

A

Ulnar nerve - Sensation of little finger and half of ring finger
Median nerve - Palmar and dorsal of first 3 and half fingers
radial nerve - dorsum of the hand and lateral first three fingers and one half of fourth finger

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36
Q

Which special test for the shoulder is used to diagnose impingement or rotator cuff tears?

A

Neer’s impingement sign

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37
Q

Which special test reinforces Neer’s sign?

A

Hawkin’s impingement

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38
Q

Which special test for the shoulder helps detect rotator cuff tears?

A

Drop arm test

39
Q

Which special test for the shoulder is used to diagnose bicep tendonitis?

A

Speed’s test

40
Q

Which special test for the shoulder is used to diagnose a possible tendon rupture?

A

Gerber lift-off test

41
Q

Describe a Type I Acromioclavicular (AC) injury:

A

AC ligaments are partially disrupted and Coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments are intact. No separation of clavicle from acromion.

42
Q

Describe a Type II AC injury:

A

AC ligament is torn and CC ligaments are intact resulting in partial separation of the clavicle from the acromion.

43
Q

Describe a Type III AC Injury:

A

AC and CC ligaments are completely disrupted resulting in complete separation of the clavicle from the acromion.

44
Q

Describe a Type IV AC injury:

A

AC and CC ligaments are completely disrupted with superior and prominently posterior displacement.

45
Q

Describe a Type V AC injury:

A

AC and CC ligaments are completely disrupted with cc interspace more than twice as large as opposite shoulder.

46
Q

Describe a Type VI AC injury:

A

UNCOMMON. Clavicular periosteum and/or deltoid and trapezius muscles are torn resulting in wide displacement. Clavicle lies in either the subacromial space or subcoracoid space.

47
Q

Treatment for Type I & II AC injury

A

Sling for 24-48 hours
ice
analgesics

48
Q

Treatment for Type III AC injury

A

MEDEVAC
Sling 24-48 hours
ice analgesics

49
Q

Treatment for Type IV-VI AC injury

A

MEDEVAC
Sling until evaluated by ortho
ice
analgesics

50
Q

What is the most common site for clavicle fracture?

A

Middle Third

51
Q

What are the 3 types of acromion morphology and which is more susceptible to impingement?

A

-Flat
-Curved
-Hooked - greater association with impingement

52
Q

Describe instability

A

anterior, posterior, inferior or multidirectional glenohumeral laxity due to traumatic pathology

53
Q

Describe Subluxation

A

Humeral head partially slips out of socket with spontaneous reduction

54
Q

Describe Dislocation

A

Humeral head completely slips out of glenoid fossa with spontaneous reduction or sometimes requires manual manipulation

55
Q

What are the two types of instability patterns? Describe them?

A
  • TUBS: Traumatic unilateral dislocation with Bankart lesion that can be successfully treated with surgery.
  • AMBRI: Atraumatic multidirectional instability that is common bilateral and is often successfully treated with rehabilitation and occasionally surgery.
56
Q

What associated diseases can lead to Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)?

A
  • Diabetes
  • Thyroid disease
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Stroke
  • Parkinson’s
  • HIV medication use
57
Q

Medial epicondylitis (Golfer’s elbow, bowler’s elbow) can result from:

A

Activities that involve wrist flexion and forearm pronation
- Golf swing
- Baseball pitching
- Pull-through stroke of swimming
- Weight-lifting
- Bowling

58
Q

Lateral epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) can result from:

A

Activities involving gripping and wrist extensions
- lifting
- turning Screwdrivers
- Hitting backhand in tennis
- Excessive typing
- Direct blow to lateral aspect of elbow (less common)

59
Q

Carpal Tunnel syndrome effects which nerve?

A

Median nerve

60
Q

Cubital tunnel syndrome effects which nerve?

A

Ulnar nerve

61
Q

80% of elbow dislocation are anterior or posterior?

A

Posterior

62
Q

What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?

A

Scaphoid

63
Q

What injury is a rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon from its distal attachement?
Fixed DIP joint is suddenly and forcefully hyperextended?

A

Jersey finger

64
Q

What injury is a rupture, laceration or avulsion of the insertion of the extensor tendon and base of distal phalanx?
Direct blow to the finger causing sudden flexion of the DIP?

A

Mallet Finger

65
Q

What injury is an extensor rupture at the insertion on middle phalanx?

A

Boutonniere Deformity

66
Q

What are the parts of the pelvic bone?

A
  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
67
Q

What are the muscles of the femur and what are their actions?

A
  • Psoas Major - Flexes and rotates thigh laterally
  • Iliacus - Flexes and rotates thigh laterally
  • Gluteus maximus - Extends and rotates thigh laterally, helps lock knee in extension
  • Gluteus medius - Abducts and rotates thigh medially
  • Tensor fascia latae - Flexes and abducts thigh at hip joint, helps lock knee in extension
  • Adductor longus - Adducts, rotates and flexes thigh at hip joint
  • Adductor magnus - Adducts, flexes, rotates, and extends thigh at hip joint
  • Piriformis - External rotation and thigh laterally and abducts
  • Pectineus - Flexes and adducts thigh
68
Q

What are the bones of the knee?

A

-Patella
-Femur
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Patellar Ligament

69
Q

What are the muscles that move the leg and their actions?

A
  • Gracilis - Adducts and medially rotates thigh
  • Adductor magnus - Adducts femur
  • Adductor longus - Adducts femur
  • Pectineus - Adducts femur
  • Rectus feoris - Extends the knee, Flexes hip
  • Vastus lateralis - Extends knee
  • Medialis - Extends knee
  • Intermedius - Extends knee
  • Sartorius - Flexes the knee, weakly flexes the hip, abducts and laterally rotates hip
  • Bicep Femoris (hamstring) - Extends thigh at hip, flexes the leg at the knee joint
    -Semitendinosis - Extends the thigh at hip, Flexes leg at the knee
    -Semimembranosis - Extends the thigh at the hip, flexes leg at the knee
70
Q

What are the 7 bones of the ankle and foot?

A
  • Large Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Cuboid
  • Navicular
  • Cuneiforms
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
71
Q

The tibia and fibula form which malleolus?

A

The fibula forms the Lateral Malleolus
the Tibia forms the Medial malleolus

72
Q

What are the lateral and medial ligaments of the ankle?

A

-Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) (Lateral) - Extends from the talus to the fibula
-Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) (lateral) - Extends from the calcaneus to fibula
-Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTFL) (lateral) - Extends from the talus to fibula

Deltoid Ligaments (medial) Connects the tibia to the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones.

73
Q

What are the muscles of the foot and what are their actions?

A
  • Tibialis Anterior - Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot
  • Extensor digitorum longus - dorsiflexes and everts foot, extends toes
  • Fibularis longus - Plantarflexes and everts foot
  • Gastrocnemius - Plantarflexes foot, flexes leg at knee
  • Soleus - Plantarflexes foot
  • Tibialis posterior - Plantarflexes and inverts foot
  • Flexor digitorum longus - Plantarflexes foot, flexes toes
74
Q

Patient presents with short limb, hip fixed in adduction and internally rotation. What type of dislocation is this?

A

Posterior dislocation

75
Q

Patient Presents with hip held in abduction and externally rotation. What kind of dislocation is this?

A

Anterior dislocation

76
Q

What other ailments are associated with Trochanteric bursitis?

A

-Lumber disease
-Intraarticular hip pathology
-significant limb length inequalities
-inflammatory arthritis
-previous surgery around hip

77
Q

What are the Seven “P’s”

A

-Pain
-Pallor
-Paresthesia
-Paresis
-Poikilothermia
-Pressure
-Pulselessness

78
Q

What is considered contraindicated with compartment syndrome?

A

Use of ice

79
Q

What class of medications is associated with Achilles tendon rupture?

A

Fluoroquinolone

80
Q

Hyperextension of the first metatarsal is defined as what?

A

Turf toe

81
Q

What are the red flags in terms of spinal injuries that require advance imaging?

A

Saddle Anesthesia
Loss of bowel/bladder function
Lower extremity weakness

82
Q

What’s the best way to “rule in” costochondritis

A

Chest pain is reporduciable

83
Q

What medication is used for acute gout?

A

Indomethacin

84
Q

What are the diagnostic studies for septic arthritis?

A

-CBC, ESR, CRP
-Joint fluid aspiration
-Plain Films
-MRI

85
Q

Define non-displaced fracture

A

In anatomic alignment

86
Q

Define Displaced fracture

A

Not in anatomic alignment

87
Q

Define Bayonetted fracture

A

Distal fragment overlaps proximal fragment

88
Q

Define distracted fracture

A

Fragments are seperated

89
Q

Angulation

A

Deviated at an angle

90
Q

Assists the deltoid in abduction (SITS muscles)

A

Supraspinatus

91
Q

External rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint (SITS muscles)

A

Infraspinatus

92
Q

Extends arm at shoulder and rotation of the arm externally (SITS muscles)

A

Teres Minor

93
Q

Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder (SITS muscles)

A

Subscapularis

94
Q

Abducts, Flexes, and rotates arm at shoulder joint

A

Deltoid

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