MSK Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 6 (six) basic functions of the MSK system?
A
-Support
-Protection
-Movement
-Mineral Homeostasis
-Blood Cell Production
-Triglyceride Storage
2
Q
In which bone marrow does blood cell production occur?
A
Red Bone Marrow
3
Q
In which bone marrow does triglyceride storage occur?
A
Yellow Bone Marrow
4
Q
What are the 4 (four) types of bones?
A
-Long Bones
-Short Bones
-Flat Bones
-Irregular Bones
5
Q
Long Bones are located where?
A
Thigh, leg, arm, fingers, toes
6
Q
Short bones are located where?
A
Wrist and ankles
7
Q
Flat bones are located where?
A
Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, and scapula
8
Q
Irregular bones are located where?
A
Vertebrae and facial bones
9
Q
Long bones are made up of 3 (three) sections, what are they?
A
-Diaphysis
-Epiphyses
-Metaphyses
10
Q
The shaft of the long bone is called?
A
Diaphysis
11
Q
The ends of a long bone are called?
A
Epiphyses
12
Q
Part of the long bone that lies between the shaft and end of the bone?
A
Metaphyses
13
Q
Bone building cells?
A
Osteoblast
14
Q
Bone Maintaining cells?
A
Osteocytes
15
Q
Cells that “digest” or destroy bones
A
Osteoclast
16
Q
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone?
A
Ligaments
17
Q
Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
A
Tendons
18
Q
Where are bursa sacs located?
A
-Between skin and bone
-Between tendons and bones
-Between muscles and bones
-Between ligaments and bones
19
Q
The 4 (four) major functions of skeletal muscles?
A
-Produce body movement
-Stabilize body positions
-Store and move substances
-Produce heat
20
Q
11 Movements of the anatomical plane:
A
-Flexion
-Extension
-Hyperextension
-Abduction
-Adduction
-Circumduction: Movement of distal end in a circle
-Rotation
Foot Specific
-Inversion
-Eversion
-dorsiflexion
-Plantarflexion
21
Q
Three different types of muscles, and their purpose?
A
-Skeletal muscle - Movement of body parts, voluntary
-Smooth - mostly located on the GI tract, involuntary
-Cardiac - heart only, involuntary
22
Q
Describe the grading scale for muscle strength:
A
0 - Zero - No evidence of muscle function
1 - Trace - Muscle contraction but no or very limited joint movement
2 - Poor - Complete range of motion with gravity eliminated
3 - Fair - Complete range of motion against gravity
4 - Good - Complete range of motion against gravity with some resistance
5 - Normal - Complete range of motion with full or normal resistance
23
Q
What are the sections of the vertebral column (spine) and how many vertebrae are contained in each?
A
Cervical - 7 vertebrae
Thoracic - 12 vertebrae
Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
Coccyx - 4 fused vertebrae
24
Q
Bones of the Thorax?
A
-Sternum
-Manubrium
-Body
-Xyphoid Process
25
What are the 3 ligaments that make up the pectoral girdle?
-Acromioclavicular ligament
-Coracoclavicular ligament
-Coracoacromial ligament
26
Muscles of the rotator cuff (shoulder) and their actions?
SITS muscles:
-Supraspinatus - Assist deltoid in abduction
-Infraspinatus - External rotation
-Teres Minor - Extends arm shoulder and external rotation
-Subscapularis - Internal rotation
27
Assist Deltoid in abduction?
Supraspinatus
28
External rotation of the humerus at the shoulder?
Infraspinatus
29
Extends arm at the shoulder and rotation of the arm externally?
Teres Minor
30
Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder?
Subscapularis
31
Pertinent muscles of the upper body (upper arm/shoulder) and their actions?
Deltoid - Abducts, flexes and rotates at shoulder
Trapezius - Moves the scapula multi-directionally
Levator scapula - Elevates scapula and rotates downward
Rhomboid - Elevates and adducts scapula and rotates downward
Pectoralis Major - Adducts and rotates are medially
Latissimus dorsi - Extends, adducts, and rotates arm medially, draws arm backwards
Teres Major - Extends arm, assist with adduction and rotation of arm medially
Coracobrachialis - Flexes and adducts
32
What are the muscles of the elbow and their actions?
Biceps brachii - Flexes are at shoulder
Brachialis - Flexes forearm
Brachioradialis - Flexes forearm
Triceps brachii - Extends forearm at elbow, extends arm at shoulder
Supinator - supinates forearm
Pronator teres - Pronates forearm
33
Name all of the bones of the hand:
Scaphoid (scared)
Lunate (lovers)
Triquetrum (try)
Pisiform (positions)
Trapezium (that)
Trapezoid (they)
Capitate (can't)
Hamate (handle)
34
What are the muscles of the wrist and their actions?
Flexor carpi radialis - Flexes and abducts hand
Flexor Carpi ulnaris - Flexes and adducts
Palmaris - Weakly flexes hand
Flexor digitorum superficialis - flexes hand, flexes phalanges of each finger at the PIP (proximal interphalangeal joint)
Flexor digitorum profundus - Flexes hand at wrist, flexes phalanges of each finger at the DIP (distal interphalangeal joint)
Extensor carpi radialis longus - Extends and abducts hand at wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris - Extends and adducts hand at wrist
Extensor digitorum - Extends hand, extends phalanges of each finger
35
What are the nerves of the hand and what parts of the hand do they cover?
Ulnar nerve - Sensation of little finger and half of ring finger
Median nerve - Palmar and dorsal of first 3 and half fingers
radial nerve - dorsum of the hand and lateral first three fingers and one half of fourth finger
36
Which special test for the shoulder is used to diagnose impingement or rotator cuff tears?
Neer's impingement sign
37
Which special test reinforces Neer's sign?
Hawkin's impingement
38
Which special test for the shoulder helps detect rotator cuff tears?
Drop arm test
39
Which special test for the shoulder is used to diagnose bicep tendonitis?
Speed's test
40
Which special test for the shoulder is used to diagnose a possible tendon rupture?
Gerber lift-off test
41
Describe a Type I Acromioclavicular (AC) injury:
AC ligaments are partially disrupted and Coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments are intact. No separation of clavicle from acromion.
42
Describe a Type II AC injury:
AC ligament is torn and CC ligaments are intact resulting in partial separation of the clavicle from the acromion.
43
Describe a Type III AC Injury:
AC and CC ligaments are completely disrupted resulting in complete separation of the clavicle from the acromion.
44
Describe a Type IV AC injury:
AC and CC ligaments are completely disrupted with superior and prominently posterior displacement.
45
Describe a Type V AC injury:
AC and CC ligaments are completely disrupted with cc interspace more than twice as large as opposite shoulder.
46
Describe a Type VI AC injury:
UNCOMMON. Clavicular periosteum and/or deltoid and trapezius muscles are torn resulting in wide displacement. Clavicle lies in either the subacromial space or subcoracoid space.
47
Treatment for Type I & II AC injury
Sling for 24-48 hours
ice
analgesics
48
Treatment for Type III AC injury
MEDEVAC
Sling 24-48 hours
ice analgesics
49
Treatment for Type IV-VI AC injury
MEDEVAC
Sling until evaluated by ortho
ice
analgesics
50
What is the most common site for clavicle fracture?
Middle Third
51
What are the 3 types of acromion morphology and which is more susceptible to impingement?
-Flat
-Curved
-Hooked - greater association with impingement
52
Describe instability
anterior, posterior, inferior or multidirectional glenohumeral laxity due to traumatic pathology
53
Describe Subluxation
Humeral head partially slips out of socket with spontaneous reduction
54
Describe Dislocation
Humeral head completely slips out of glenoid fossa with spontaneous reduction or sometimes requires manual manipulation
55
What are the two types of instability patterns? Describe them?
- TUBS: Traumatic unilateral dislocation with Bankart lesion that can be successfully treated with surgery.
- AMBRI: Atraumatic multidirectional instability that is common bilateral and is often successfully treated with rehabilitation and occasionally surgery.
56
What associated diseases can lead to Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)?
- Diabetes
- Thyroid disease
- Autoimmune disorders
- Stroke
- Parkinson's
- HIV medication use
57
Medial epicondylitis (Golfer's elbow, bowler's elbow) can result from:
Activities that involve wrist flexion and forearm pronation
- Golf swing
- Baseball pitching
- Pull-through stroke of swimming
- Weight-lifting
- Bowling
58
Lateral epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) can result from:
Activities involving gripping and wrist extensions
- lifting
- turning Screwdrivers
- Hitting backhand in tennis
- Excessive typing
- Direct blow to lateral aspect of elbow (less common)
59
Carpal Tunnel syndrome effects which nerve?
Median nerve
60
Cubital tunnel syndrome effects which nerve?
Ulnar nerve
61
80% of elbow dislocation are anterior or posterior?
Posterior
62
What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone?
Scaphoid
63
What injury is a rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon from its distal attachement?
Fixed DIP joint is suddenly and forcefully hyperextended?
Jersey finger
64
What injury is a rupture, laceration or avulsion of the insertion of the extensor tendon and base of distal phalanx?
Direct blow to the finger causing sudden flexion of the DIP?
Mallet Finger
65
What injury is an extensor rupture at the insertion on middle phalanx?
Boutonniere Deformity
66
What are the parts of the pelvic bone?
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
67
What are the muscles of the femur and what are their actions?
- Psoas Major - Flexes and rotates thigh laterally
- Iliacus - Flexes and rotates thigh laterally
- Gluteus maximus - Extends and rotates thigh laterally, helps lock knee in extension
- Gluteus medius - Abducts and rotates thigh medially
- Tensor fascia latae - Flexes and abducts thigh at hip joint, helps lock knee in extension
- Adductor longus - Adducts, rotates and flexes thigh at hip joint
- Adductor magnus - Adducts, flexes, rotates, and extends thigh at hip joint
- Piriformis - External rotation and thigh laterally and abducts
- Pectineus - Flexes and adducts thigh
68
What are the bones of the knee?
-Patella
-Femur
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Patellar Ligament
69
What are the muscles that move the leg and their actions?
- Gracilis - Adducts and medially rotates thigh
- Adductor magnus - Adducts femur
- Adductor longus - Adducts femur
- Pectineus - Adducts femur
- Rectus feoris - Extends the knee, Flexes hip
- Vastus lateralis - Extends knee
- Medialis - Extends knee
- Intermedius - Extends knee
- Sartorius - Flexes the knee, weakly flexes the hip, abducts and laterally rotates hip
- Bicep Femoris (hamstring) - Extends thigh at hip, flexes the leg at the knee joint
-Semitendinosis - Extends the thigh at hip, Flexes leg at the knee
-Semimembranosis - Extends the thigh at the hip, flexes leg at the knee
70
What are the 7 bones of the ankle and foot?
- Large Talus
- Calcaneus
- Cuboid
- Navicular
- Cuneiforms
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
71
The tibia and fibula form which malleolus?
The fibula forms the Lateral Malleolus
the Tibia forms the Medial malleolus
72
What are the lateral and medial ligaments of the ankle?
-Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) (Lateral) - Extends from the talus to the fibula
-Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) (lateral) - Extends from the calcaneus to fibula
-Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTFL) (lateral) - Extends from the talus to fibula
Deltoid Ligaments (medial) Connects the tibia to the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones.
73
What are the muscles of the foot and what are their actions?
- Tibialis Anterior - Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot
- Extensor digitorum longus - dorsiflexes and everts foot, extends toes
- Fibularis longus - Plantarflexes and everts foot
- Gastrocnemius - Plantarflexes foot, flexes leg at knee
- Soleus - Plantarflexes foot
- Tibialis posterior - Plantarflexes and inverts foot
- Flexor digitorum longus - Plantarflexes foot, flexes toes
74
Patient presents with short limb, hip fixed in adduction and internally rotation. What type of dislocation is this?
Posterior dislocation
75
Patient Presents with hip held in abduction and externally rotation. What kind of dislocation is this?
Anterior dislocation
76
What other ailments are associated with Trochanteric bursitis?
-Lumber disease
-Intraarticular hip pathology
-significant limb length inequalities
-inflammatory arthritis
-previous surgery around hip
77
What are the Seven "P's"
-Pain
-Pallor
-Paresthesia
-Paresis
-Poikilothermia
-Pressure
-Pulselessness
78
What is considered contraindicated with compartment syndrome?
Use of ice
79
What class of medications is associated with Achilles tendon rupture?
Fluoroquinolone
80
Hyperextension of the first metatarsal is defined as what?
Turf toe
81
What are the red flags in terms of spinal injuries that require advance imaging?
Saddle Anesthesia
Loss of bowel/bladder function
Lower extremity weakness
82
What's the best way to "rule in" costochondritis
Chest pain is reporduciable
83
What medication is used for acute gout?
Indomethacin
84
What are the diagnostic studies for septic arthritis?
-CBC, ESR, CRP
-Joint fluid aspiration
-Plain Films
-MRI
85
Define non-displaced fracture
In anatomic alignment
86
Define Displaced fracture
Not in anatomic alignment
87
Define Bayonetted fracture
Distal fragment overlaps proximal fragment
88
Define distracted fracture
Fragments are seperated
89
Angulation
Deviated at an angle
90
Assists the deltoid in abduction (SITS muscles)
Supraspinatus
91
External rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint (SITS muscles)
Infraspinatus
92
Extends arm at shoulder and rotation of the arm externally (SITS muscles)
Teres Minor
93
Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder (SITS muscles)
Subscapularis
94
Abducts, Flexes, and rotates arm at shoulder joint
Deltoid
