MSCAA notes Flashcards
What is this?
central retinal vein occulsion
CRVO is painless with blurry vision
What is this?
Central retinal artery occlusion
CV risk factors
What is this?
Cilioretinal vein occlusion
What is this?
branch of retinal artery occlusion
What is this?
branch of retinal vein occlusion
How is CRAO caused
Carotid artery atherosclerotic disease (~30%): embolic fragments may break off and occlude the retinal artery
Cardioembolic events: embolic event arising from the heart. Usually secondary to atrial fibrillation and clot formation in the left atrial appendage
Small vessel disease: local atherosclerotic disease
What does the central retinal artery supply
optic and inner retina
unilateral
central area of visual sparing, sudden onset and painful loss
Signs of CRAO
Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD): Asymmetrical pupillary reaction to light due to optic nerve disease.
Pale retina
‘Cherry red spot’: Suggestive macular sparing due to patent blood supply via the cilioretinal artery.
Retinal emboli: May be seen in up to 40%.
fluorescein angiography diagnosis
CRAO treatment
intravenous methylprednisolone
Delirium Mx
- verbal de escalation techniques
- short term haloperiodol
- lorazepam if contraindicated e.g. parkinsons
Spinal cord compression
The key features include back pain, bilateral leg weakness, and sensory abnormalities in the feet, along with signs of upper motor neuron involvement such as brisk knee reflexes and extensor plantar responses.
breast cancer
What does lumbar disc prolapse not present with
does not present with bilateral leg weakness and upper motor neuron signs
What does mechanical back pain not present with
bilateral leg weakness or neurological signs like brisk knee reflexes and extensor plantar responses.
Osteomalacia presenting symptoms
It can cause generalized bone pain and muscle weakness but is unlikely to manifest as sudden-onset bilateral leg weakness and upper motor neuron signs.
Osteoporotic vertrebral collapse
This condition usually involves compression fractures of vertebral bodies, which can lead to height loss and kyphosis.
poly uria and poly dipsia all results par calcium and use lithium
assess calcium due to needing to exclude hyperparathyroidism before water deprivation test
existing ckd due to receive iv contrast
contrast nephropathy
give fluids
not iv acetyl - anaphylaxis
thiazide consequence
hyponatraemia
cervical spine fracture
ct neck
Features of a carcinoma
nuclear enlargement,
hyperchromasia and pleomorphism
COpd resp acidosis
NIV
epistaxis treatment
Minor bleeding from an accessible site can be
treated with cautery using a silver nitrate stick or electrocautery. Anterior pack is
for profuse bleeding with sites difficult to localise
Ulcer chat
Duodenal ulcers tend to be made worse with
stress and the pain is often worse at night radiating into the back - it is relieved by
eating and patients tend to put weight on - in contrast to a gastric ulcer which is
made worse with eating and people often lose weight.
NSAIDS contraindicated in what for gout
ckd - give steroids
lobe for alzheimer
temporal
Days for acute nephritis intersitital to appear
4-7
HUS anaemia and thrombocytopenia
renal hypoperfusion
think post pneumonia = sepsis and leading to acute tubular necrosis
zoledronic acid
I V and reserved for intolerant to oral bisphosphonates
woken from sleep
red flag - plain xr - mri if negative
alert to swallow
give tablet not gel if glucose above 2
oxybutynin
constipation
retinal detachment
floaters
neurogenic claudication
better on leaning forwards
