ms stuff

Question 1

firmware

Answer 1

-stores bootup instructions to start up computer
- permanently stores instructions in ROM
- provides OS with a platform to run on
- controls/ manages communication w hardware
- stores info securely
eg bootstrap/bootloader/BIOS

Question 2

asymmetric encryption

Answer 2

• plain text is encrypted into cipher text using a public key
• the encrypted data is then transmitted from sender to receiver
• encrypted data decrypted using a private key

Question 3

firewall

Answer 3

• criteria can be set for traffic
• such as blacklist/whitelist of IL addresses
• it’ll examine traffic coming into network
• check if traffic meets criteria
• will reject if it doesn’t
• certain ports used by hackers can be blocked

Question 4

symmetric encryption

Answer 4

• data is encrypted and decrypted using the same key
• plain text is encrypted into cipher text
• data is encrypted using an algorithm
• the key can be generated using an algorithm
• the key is transmitted to the reciever

Question 5

solid state

Answer 5

• has no moving parts
• uses less power to operate
• runs quietly
• more durable
• large storage capacity
• expensive
• faster
• stores data into sillicon chips
• transistors using logic gates to control movement of electrons

Question 6

expert system

Answer 6

• user will enter data into interface
• interference engine will decide which questions to ask
• by using pervious answers given
• interference engine will decide in diagnosis
• by comparing data entered into knowledge base and rule base
• knowledge base contains a list of facts
• the interference engine applies rule base to knowledge base to provide output
• by calculating which option likely (if multiple)
• interface will output diagnosis
• explanation system shows how diagnosis was reached

Question 7

ARQ

Answer 7

• timer is started when sending device transmits data packet to reciever
• receiving device checks the data packet for errors
• if sending device doesn’t receive acknowledgment before timer ends
• timeout occurs
• data packet resent
• until acknowledgment received
• process is continuous until packet recieved is correct

Question 8

optical storage

Answer 8

• has moving parts
• uses more power than solid state
• makes noise
• less durable than solid state
• cheaper than solid state
• smaller storage
• slower
• stores data by using lasers to burn pits and lands onto disk

Question 9

machine learning

Answer 9

• form of AI
• can adapt/change
• can edit its own data
• can be trained
• can be supervised or unsupervised
• meaning it can learn w/o human interaction
• analyses patterns and stores successful/unsuccessful results
• to influence future decisions
• supervised means user tells the sys the input and output
• unsupervised means sys is given input and needs to work out the output

Question 10

primary storage

Answer 10

• directly accessible by CPU
• stores data currently in use
• small capacity
• some parts volatile/ both volatile and bon volatile
• some parts cannot be changed
• faster access speeds to data
• internal to computer
  eg RAM ROM

Question 11

secondary storage

Answer 11

• not directly accessible by CPU
• stores users files
• larger capacity
• non volatile
• data in here can be changed
• slower access speeds
• both internal and external to computer
  eg HDD SSD

Question 12

IP address

Answer 12

• IP address used to identify a device on the network
• allocated by the ISP / network
• can be used in place of URL
• can be IPv4 or IPv6
• can be static (doesn’t change each time it’s connected to the internet)
• can be dynamic ( can change each time device is connected to internet)

Question 13

cookies

Answer 13

• data/files
• stored in text file
• downloaded to a users computer when a website is visited
• stored on users computer
• stored by browser
• detected by website when it’s visited again

Question 14

parity check

Answer 14

• odd or even parity check can be used
• parity bit transmitted w each byte of data
• each byte checked after transmission to see if it matches parity used

Question 15

check sum

Answer 15

• value is calculated from data
• value is transmitted with data
• value is recalculated after transmission
• if values match the data is more likely to be accurate

Question 16

echo check

Answer 16

-copy of data is sent back to sender
- data is compared to see if it matches
- if it doesn’t match error is detected

Question 17

interrupt

Answer 17

• stop and save all the current tasks progress while OS/CPU services the interrupt, after it has been serviced pervious process continues as it did before
• used to attend certain tasks
• ensures vital tasks are death with immidiately
• interrupt tells CPU that it’s attention is required
• diff levels of priority
• enables multitasking