MS. 🧑🦳 Flashcards
is the most fundamental of all ethical principles.
- It is the recognition that human beings possess a special value intrinsic to their humanity
and as such are worthy of respect simply because they are human beings
HUMAN DIGNITY
WHY IS DIGNITY IMPORTANT? PEOPLE FEEL:
✅ In control
✅ Comfortable
✅ Valued
✅ Confident
✅ able to make decisions for themselves
Movements that promote the ability to meet death on your own time
DYING WITH DIGNITY
Means that someone who is terminally ill has the ability to choose where they die, when
and how they will die or the treatment options they want
DYING WITH DIGNITY
Fear of the degradations of senility and dependence; hence, a right to death with dignity.
Sometimes people say they don’t want to reach the point where they’ll become senile or
too dependent on other people.
DYING WITH DIGNITY
The word is derived from two Greek words:
EU:
Thanatos:
EUTHANASIA
Is any action committed or omitted for the purpose of causing or hastening the death of a
human being after birth. It is usually done for the alleged purpose of ending the person’s
suffering.
EUTHANASIA AND PROLONGATION OF LIFE
EU in euthanasia means?
Easy, happy or good
Thanatos means?
Death
Is a principle of implied protection regarding aspects of sentient life that are said to be
holy, sacred, or otherwise of such value that they are not to be violated.
Inviolability of Life in Ethics
is not ethical and should not be legally permissible, yet that it is often
acceptable to withdraw life support
Intentional Killing
life is of intrinsic value. Grounded in mainstream
Christian beliefs, this principle prohibits intentional killing-in both active and passive forms. Life
is considered a stewardship or loan from the Creator, and the power to live or die resides with
the Creator alone.
Sanctity of life principle
one cannot actively and intentionally
hasten death; however, one can refrain from preventing natural death. Treatment can, therefore,
be omitted, allowing death to occur “naturally.”
Qualified sanctity of life principle
Permits intentionally hastening death using either acts of
____ (withholding or withdrawing
treatment)
OMISSION
Permits intentionally hastening death using either acts OF ____ (prescribing overdoses or administering lethal injections).
COMISSION
It is translated literally as ‘good death’ or ‘happy death’
EUTHANASIA AND SUICIDE
the individual right to die in a painless and peaceful manner. Is the
practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering.
EUTHANASIA
an act where a person deliberately plans and follows through on taking their
own life
SUICIDE
a situation where the person is going to die, needs help to kill
themselves, and asks for it. A qualified medical practitioner supplies the patient with the
means. The patient kills him/herself.
ASSISTED SUICIDE
often used interchangeably with euthanasia, however, the killing may
be done without the patient request or consent. An example, a father kills his cerebral
palsy child by suffocating her; done to relieve prolonged pain and suffering, sacrifice,
and/or financial ruin for the child and the father
MERCY KILLING
medical, emotional, and spiritual care given to a person which is
terminally with the aim as reducing suffering and not curing.
PALLIATIVE CARE
a situation in which a physician prescribes, supplies or administers an
agent that results in death. You assist the patient to die.
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLE OF ACTIVE EUTHANASIA?
Down Syndrome NEWBORN & Therapeutic abortion
a situation in which no extraordinary measures are undertaken to
sustain life or when life sustaining treatments are withheld.
PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE EUTHANASIA?
NO CODE OR DNR
where a person makes a conscious decision to die and asks for help
to do so. Conducted with consent of the patient
VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
when a person cannot make a decision or is unable to give their
consent (example they’re in a coma) and so someone else (e.g. a doctor or a family member)
takes the decision on their behalf, that it would be in the person’s best interest if their life was
ended
NON VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
when euthanasia is performed on a person who would be able to
provide informed consent does not, either because they don’t want to die, or they were not
asked. (e.g. a doctor or a family member decides) It is often against the patients will. (Murder)
INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
Is death in its natural and inevitable process, respecting the person’s right to die with dignity,
supported by palliative care.
ORTHOTHANASIA
An act of withdrawing a supposedly useless intervention/treatment from a terminally-ill patient
who has no more hope to reverse his condition.
ORTHOTHANASIA
✔A normal or natural manner of death and dying. Sometimes used to denote the deliberate
stopping of artificial of heroic means of maintaining life
ORTHOTHANASIA
✔ It is the process of the humanization of death and alleviation of pain, but it does not abusively
prolong death with the implementation of futile treatment which would cause more suffering to
terminal patients. (Humane and correct death)
ORTHOTHANASIA
Greek: dys = bad, Thanatos Death “Bad Death”
Slow and painful death without quality of life.
DYSTHANASIA
It is the interruption of the
natural course of life
EUTHANASIA
Aims to promote a dignified
death, without the imposition
of futile measures, seeking
comfort and quality of life.
ORTHOTHANASIA
It is the institution of futile
measures with the
consequent prolonging of the
patient’s suffering in palliative
care.
DYSTHANASIA
is the practice of relieving distress in a terminally ill person in the last
hours or days of a dying patient’s life.
PALLIATIVE SEDATION
is an option of last resort for patients whose symptoms cannot be
controlled by any other means. It focuses on achieving the best possible quality of life for a
patient.
PALLIATIVE SEDATION
is the act of not instituting measures that would serve to either
prolong life or delay death.
WITHHOLDING TREATMENT
is defined as the removal or discontinuation of
life-sustaining/life-prolonging therapies of a treatment considered medically futile in
promoting an eventual cure or control of disease or symptoms
WITHDRAWING TREATMENT
is a decision/action that allows the disease to
progress on its natural course. It is not a decision/action intended to cause death
Withdrawal or withholding treatment
✓ Are legal documents that communicate a person’s wishes about health care decisions in the
event the person becomes incapable of making health care decisions.
✓ Are tools that give patients of all ages and health status the opportunity to express their
values, goals of care, and treatment preferences to guide future decisions about health care
ADVANCE HEALTH CARE DIRECTIVES
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF ADVANCE DIRECTIVES?
LIVING WILL & DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY OR HEALTH CARE PROXY
are legal documents where a person identifies what measures to include in care
if he or she becomes terminally ill. (18yo with sound mind, 2 witnesses, notarized)
✓ use to declare your wishes to refuse, limit, or withhold life-sustaining treatment.
✔ It can only take effect if you have a terminal condition and are incapacitated or unable to
communicate your preferences for care.
✔ know what medical interventions you may or may not want to receive to sustain your life like:
CPR, Ventilation-Respiratory Machine, Dialysis, Pain medications, Artificially provided nutrition
and hydration by tube or other medical means
LIVING WILL
a person who has written a will and executed a will and testament that is in effect at
the time of their death
TESTATOR
Having died without leaving instructions about who should be given your property
INTESTATE
the act of witnessing the signing of a formal document
ATTESTATION
a document (as a will or deed) entirely in the handwriting of a person whose act it
purports to be
HOLOGRAPHIC
is an advance care directive or agreement where the principal designates another person to
have the power and authority to make healthcare decisions for the principal.
It will be carried out when the principal is incapacitated, to respect your wishes regarding your
health.
HEALTH CARE POWER OF ATTORNEY
person you choose to make decisions
PRINCIPAL, CLIENT, ‘‘AGENT’’
is a document you and your doctor fill out together that outlines your wishes for end-of-life care,
including CPR and feeding tubes. it’s more detailed than a DNR (do not resuscitate) order.
POLST (Physician’s Order for Life Sustaining Treatment
is a document signed by a doctor at a patient’s request that indicates the patient
doesn’t want to receive CPR.
DNR ORDER
CPR, or “cardiopulmonary resuscitation,” may involve several
potentially life-saving emergency procedures including: 4 KABILOG
- Mouth-to-mouth breathing
- Chest compressions
- Administration of controlled electric shocks to the heart (known as “defibrillation”)
- Breathing tube insertion (known as “intubation”
ANO TAWAG NI SAILA:
1. The nurse practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique
attributes of every person.
2. The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group,
community, or population.
3. Nurses promote, advocate for, and protect the rights, health, and safety of the patient
ANA CODE OF ETHICS
was created to protect and support nurses as they navigate situations like unsafe
staffing, mandatory overtime, violence, and injuries. It protects the nurse’s expertise as a
professional, giving them the authority to fully express their knowledge and scope of practice
without fear of retaliation.
NURSING BILL OF RIGHTS
✓ involve choosing actions based on moral principles and values. These decisions often
require weighing the consequences of actions against ethical standards, such as fairness,
justice, and respect for others.
✓ generate trust; demonstrate respect, responsibility, fairness and caring; and are consistent
with good citizenship. These behaviors provide a foundation for making better decisions by
setting the ground rules for our behavior
ETHICAL DECISIONS
✓ refers to the process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a manner consistent
with ethical principles. In making ethical decisions, it is necessary to perceive and eliminate
unethical options and select the best ethical alternative
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING
The desire to do the right thing regardless of the cost
COMMITMENT
The awareness to act consistently and apply moral convictions to daily
behavior
CONSCIOUSNESS
The ability to collect and evaluate information, develop alternatives, and
foresee potential consequences and risks
COMPETENCY
Dictates that the action that is the most ethical is the action that produces the greatest
balance of good over harm for as many stakeholders as possible.
An act is good or morally right if it promotes happiness, and bad or immoral if it tends to produce
pain.
UTILITARIAN APPROACH
suggests that the most ethical decision is the one that best protects and
respects the moral rights of all concerned.
✓ This approach argues that people have dignity based on human nature or their ability to
freely choose what they want to do with their lives.
THE RIGHT APPROACH
Justice is the idea that each person should be given their due, and what people are due is often
interpreted as fair or equal treatment. Equal treatment implies that people should be treated as
equals according to some defensible standard such as merit or need,
✔ It must benefit all. Need to be fair. In justice, tanan gid dapat. No violation of any
THE FAIRNESS OR JUSTICE APPROACH
✔Individuals in a given society realize and act with the knowledge that what is good for society
is also good for them as individuals
✔This approach suggests that the interlocking relationships of society are the basis of ethical
reasoning and that respect and compassion for all others especially the vulnerable are
requirements of such reasoning.
✔This approach also calls attention to the common conditions that are important to the welfare
of everyone-such as clean air and water, justice system, effective police and fire departments,
health care and road system.
COMMON GOOD APPROACH
✔ An ancient approach to ethics is the belief that acting ethically must be in accordance with
certain virtues that ensure the development of humanity in general. Virtues are tendencies and
habits that enable man to act with the highest potential of human character.
✓ based on the good of people but focus on developing character and highest virtues
✓ focus on individual than society
What kind of person will I become if I do this?” or “Is this action consistent with my
acting at my best?”
THE VIRTUE APPROACH
The main situations that create ethical difficulties for healthcare professionals are the
decisions regarding resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, artificial nutrition and
hydration, terminal sedation, withholding and withdrawing treatments, euthanasia, and
physician-assisted suicide.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN DEATH AND DYING?
