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MRCS Flashcards

1
Q

Optic canal

A

II - optic nerve

Opthalmic artery

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2
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A 
III - oculomotor
IV - trochlear
VI - abducens
V1
Opthalmic veins

Live Frankly To See Absolubtley No Insult
Lacrimal
Frontal
Trochlear
Superior oculomotor
Abducens
Nasocillary
Inferior oculomotor
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3
Q

Foramen rotundum

A

V2

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4
Q

Foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery

Meningeal branch of Mandibular nerve (V3)

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5
Q

Foramen lacerum

A

Greater petrosal nerve

A branch of the facial nerve (7) which supplies the lacrimal ducts

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6
Q

Foramen cecum

A

Emissary veins

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7
Q

Jugular foramen

A

IX + X + XI

Internal jugular vein

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8
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Ascenting 11
Vertebral arteries
Brainstem

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9
Q

Foramen ovale

A 
Otic ganglion
V3
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve (branch of IX innervates parotid)
Emissary veins
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10
Q

IV eye movements

A

Superior oblique

Palsy - up and out

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11
Q

VI eye movements

A

Lateral rectus

Palsy - medial

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12
Q

CN III palsy

A

Down and out

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13
Q

Gastrin

A

acts on parietal cells, increases stomach acid

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14
Q

Pepsin

A

Secreted with gastrin

Breaks down protein

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15
Q

Secretin

A

Inhibits acid

Secretes bile and pancreas

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16
Q

GIP

A

Inhibits parietal cells

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17
Q

Histamine

A

Acts on parietal cells to increase acid

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18
Q

Cholecystekinin

A

Inhibits parietal cells

Gallbladder contraction

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19
Q

VIP

A

Stimulates pancreas and intestines

Inhibits acid and pepsin

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20
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibits everything, makes gastric mucous

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21
Q

Functions of the facial nerve

A

Muscles of facial expression
Stapedius muscle
Anterior 2/3 taste
Parasympathetic fibres - lacrimal and salivary glands

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22
Q

Drainage of testicular veins

A

R vein goes RIGHT into the IVC

Left vein LIKES the kidneys

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23
Q

Cerebral perfusion pressure

A

Cerebral perfusion pressure= Mean arterial pressure - intra cranial pressure

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24
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

Diastolic pressure+ 0.333(Systolic pressure- Diastolic pressure)

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25
Q

Cerebral aqueduct/ aqueduct of Sylvio

A

Connents 3rd-4th ventricles

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26
Q

4th ventricle to subarachnoid space

A

Foramen of Luschka + Magendie

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27
Q

Lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle

A

Foramen of Munro

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28
Q

Brown tumour

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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29
Q

Calcium oxalate stones

A

Most common, radiopaque

Hyper calsuria

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30
Q

Uric acid stones

A

Low urinary pH
Metabolic disorders
Radiolucent

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31
Q

Cysteine stones

A

Inherited metabolic

Radiodense

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32
Q

Calcium phosphate stones

A

Renal tubular acidosis type 1+3 - hurts to pee

Radiodense

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33
Q

Struvite stones

A

Mg + ammonium + phosphate
Urease producing bacteria
Slightly radio-opaque

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34
Q

colorectal, endometrial, renal, CNS cancers

A

HNPCC/ Lynch syndrome

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35
Q

Lynch syndrome genetics

A

Mismatch repair

Also called HNPCC

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36
Q

Colon, rectum, gastric, duodenum

A

FAP

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37
Q

FAP genetics

A

APC

100% cancer risk

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38
Q

Gardener syndrome

A

Desmoid tumours, mandibular osteomas

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39
Q

Harmatomatous polyps

A

Peutz-Jeghers

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40
Q

Breast + thyroid + harmatomas

A

Cowden syndrome

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41
Q

PTEN gene

A

Cowden syndrome

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42
Q

Polyposis, colonic and CNS tumours

A

Turcot’s syndrome

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43
Q

Muscles - musculocutaneous

A

BBC
Brachialis
Biceps brachi
Coracobrachialis

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44
Q

Function musculocutaneous nerve

A

Flex and supinate arm

Sensation to anterolateral forearm

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45
Q

Axillary nerve muscles

A

DT
Deltiod
Teres minor

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46
Q

Upper lateral cutaneous nerve - origin and function

A

Axillary nerve

Regimental patch

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47
Q

Radial nerve function

A

Sensation to lateral lower upper arm, posterior arm and forearm, dorsal lateral 3.5 digits
Motor - posterior arm and forearm

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48
Q

Radial nerve muscles

A

Triceps
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus

Supinates forearm
Extends wrist and fingers

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49
Q

Median nerve sesation

A

Palmar lateral 3.5 digits

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50
Q

Median nerve motor function

A

Pronate and flex

Most anterior forearm structures

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51
Q

Median hand muscles

A 
Bread loaf
Lateral lumbircals
Opponens pollucis brevis
Abductor pollucis brevis
Flexor pollucis brevis
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52
Q

Median nerve palsy

A

Pope’s blessing

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53
Q

Radial nerve palsy

A

Claw hand

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54
Q

Ulnar nerve muscle function

A

Flexes

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55
Q

Ulnar nerve muscles

A

All muscles of the hand apart from loaf
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus

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56
Q

Froment’s sign

A

Ulnar nerve palsy

Can’t stop paper being pulled out of pincer grip

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57
Q

Sarcomas, leukaemias, breast, brain, adrenal, colon

A

Li-Fraumeni

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58
Q

Association with PSC

A

UC

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59
Q

Association with PBC

A

Rheumatoid, scleroderma, thyroid

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60
Q

Hyatid cyst

A

Sheep farmer, dog breed

Echinococcus

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61
Q

Bone for skull foramen

A

Sphenoid bone

Temporal then occipital

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62
Q

Drainage prostate

A

internal iliac

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63
Q

Exopthalmos, diaphragm hernia + bilious vomiting

A

Intestinal malrotation

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64
Q

Posterior shoulder dislocation

A

Seizure, electrocution

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65
Q

Mid-inguinal point

A

Artery

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66
Q

Mid-point of inguinal ligament

A

Deep inguinal ring

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67
Q

Posterior belly digastric

A

Facial nerve

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68
Q

Anterior belly digastric

A

Mylohyoid nerve

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69
Q

Otalgia

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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70
Q

Galaezzi fracture

A

Radial #

Dislocation radio-ulna joint distally

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71
Q

Smith’s #

A

Backwards FOOSH

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72
Q

Bennett’s #

A

Intracapsular # of 1st carpometacarpal joint

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73
Q

Monteggia’s #

A

Ulna #

Dislocation of distal radio-ulna joint

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74
Q

Pott’s #

A

Bimalleolar ankle # with eversion

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75
Q

Barton’s #

A

Radial # WITH radiocarpal dislocation

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76
Q

Holstein Lewis #

A

Humeral # affecting radial nerve

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77
Q

Ivor Lewis Oesophagectomy

A

Middle and distal 1/3 oesophagous tumours

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78
Q

Bile salt reabsorption

A

Ileum

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79
Q

External laryngeal

A

Cricothyroid

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80
Q

Leriche syndrome - cause and association

A

Impotence, glute muscle loss and claudication

Atherosclerosis of aorta + iliac vessels

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81
Q

Right shift O2 curve (pneumonic)

A 
CADET
CO2
Acidosis
DPG
Exercise
Tempearture
Increased O2 requirement by tissues
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82
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

60-65%

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83
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

35-40%

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84
Q

Plasma

A

5%

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85
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

24%

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86
Q

Transcellular fluid

87
Q

FLow volume loop

A

Upper airway compression

88
Q

Gerotas fascia

89
Q

Denonvilliers fascia

A

Prostate and rectum

90
Q

Bucks fascia

A

Base of penis

91
Q

Sibsons fascia

92
Q

Waldeyers fascia

A

Posterior ano-rectal fascia

93
Q

Cardioeosophageal junction

94
Q

OOH # fixation

A

Marine life, sewage, vascular compromise, polytrauma

All 3C #s

95
Q

Carbimazole action

A

Inhibits TPO

96
Q

Mandibular nerve branches

A 
LIMAN
Lingual
Inferior alveolar
Mylohyoid
Auriculotemporal
Mental
97
Q

Necrolytic migratory erythema

A

Glucagonoma

WIll have erythematous vesicular rash

98
Q

C4 dermatome

A

Collar bone

99
Q

C5 dermatome

A

Shoulder tip

100
Q

C6 dermatome

101
Q

C7 dermatome

A

Middle finger

102
Q

C8 dermatome

A

Little finger

103
Q

T4 dermatome

104
Q

T7 dermatome

105
Q

T10 dermatome

A

belly button

106
Q

L1 dermatome

A

Inguinal ligament

107
Q

L4 dermatome

A

Medial malleolus

108
Q

L5 dermatome

A

Top of foot

109
Q

S1 dermatome

110
Q

C5 myotome

A

Shoulder abduction

111
Q

C6 myotome

112
Q

C7 myotome

A

Tricep extension

113
Q

C8 myotome

A

Wrist flexion

114
Q

T1 myotome

A

Finger abduction

115
Q

L2 myotome

A

Hip flexion

116
Q

L4 myotome

A

Knee extension

117
Q

L5 myotome

A

Dorsiflexion

118
Q

S1 myotome

A

Plantarflexion

119
Q

Omphalocoele

A

Organs in the peritoneal sac

120
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Isolated abnormality, bowel lies outside abdominal wall through defect located to right of umbilicus.

121
Q

Exomphalos

A

Liver and gut remain covered with membranous sac connected to umbilical cord. It is associated with other developmental defects.

122
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

Appendicitis mimic, ileitis

123
Q

Lateral winged scapula

A

Spinal nerve - NOT the long thoracic

124
Q

Deep posterior compartment of the leg

A 
Tibialis posterior
Popliteus
Flexors digitorum + hallucis longus
Posterior tibial artery and veins
Tibialnerve
Fibular artery and veins
125
Q

Anterior compartment

A 
Extensor muscles...
Tibialis anterior
Extensors
Fibularis tertius
Anterior tibial artery and veins
Deep fibular nerve
126
Q

Lateral compartment

A

Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

superficial fibular nerve

127
Q

Superficial posterior compartment

A

Superficial flexors..
Soleus, gastrocnemius, plantaris
NO NV structures!!

128
Q

Anterior anal fistulae

A

Opens where it is

129
Q

Posterior anal fistulae

A

Will open at the midline

130
Q

Gastrosplenic ligament

A

Short gastric vessels

Left gastroepiploic vessels

131
Q

Scan when we know kidney is damaged

132
Q

Dorsalis pedis origin

A

Tibialis anterior

133
Q

Nerve supply adductors

A

Obturator nerve

134
Q

Vasopressin

135
Q

Monopolar

A

Vaporise and fulgarate

Cutting and coagulation mode

136
Q

Bipolar

A

Between forceps

Mnimal tissue damage to surrounding structures

137
Q

CUSA

A

USS

Seal and coagulate tissues

138
Q

Operational audit

A

Future based audit

Operational policies and objectives

139
Q

Departmental review

A

Administrative functions. Assetts, recources, compliance with laws and regulations

140
Q

Standards based audit

A

Comparison of care against standards

141
Q

Systems based audit

A

Comparison of processes occuring in an institution

142
Q

Increased anion gap

A 
MUDPILES
Methanol
Uraemia
DKA
Propylene glycol
Iron tablets
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates
143
Q

Normal anion gap

A 
HARDASS
Hyperalimentation
Addison's
Renal tubular acidosis
Diarrhoea
Acetazolamide
Spironolactone
Saline infusion
144
Q

Aspirin overdose (early)

A

Respiratory alkalosis

145
Q

choanal atresia

A

Cyanosis which is worse on feeding, better on crying

146
Q

Case-control

A

Odds ratio

147
Q

Cohort study

A

Relative risk

148
Q

Regional anaesthesia

A

Prilocaine - no cardiotoxicity

149
Q

Carbon monoxide transfer factor raised in

A 
Asthma
Left-to-right shunts
Polycythaemia
Pulmonary haemorrhage
the ALPs are High
150
Q

Bevacizumab

A

Colorectal, renal, glioblastoma

151
Q

Imatinib

152
Q

Basiliximab

A

Renal transplants

153
Q

Cetuximab

A

EGF positive colorectal cancers

154
Q

Wharton’s duct

A

Submandibular

155
Q

Stenson duct

A

Parotid gland

156
Q

Gastric mucosal cells

A

Mucous and bicarbonate

157
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCl, Ca, Na, Mg, Intrinsic factor

158
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen

159
Q

Ligament of Treitz

A

Duodenaljejunal flexure

160
Q

Ligament of Treves

A

Between ilium and cecum

161
Q

DIC consumes

A

Factors 5+8 + platelets

162
Q

Incomplete cortical disruption

163
Q

Drugs causing SIADH

A

A - analgesics (opiates, NSAIDs)
B - barbituates
C - cyclosporin, chlorpromazine, carbamazepine
D - diuretics (thiazides)

164
Q

Salter Harris

A 
S- straight through 
A- above
L- lower to plate
T - through both growth plates
E - everything - crushed/ compacted
R - ruined
165
Q

Drugs causing SIADH

A

A - analgesics (opiates, NSAIDs)
B - barbituates
C - cyclosporin, chlorpromazine, carbamazepine
D - diuretics (thiazides)

166
Q

Salter Harris

A 
S- straight through 
A- above
L- lower to plate
T - through both growth plates
E - everything - crushed/ compacted
R - ruined
167
Q

Crycothyroid

A

High voice
tenses cords
innervated by superior laryngeal nerve

168
Q

Iliac vessels to IVC

169
Q

Incomplete nasolabial ring fusion

A

Isolated cleft lip

170
Q

Inferior thyroid artery origin

A

Subclavian

171
Q

Drainage inferior mesenteric vein

A

Splenic vein

172
Q

Subclavian artery branches

A 
VIT CD
Vertebral
Internal thoracic
Thyrocervical
Costalcervical
Dorsal scapular
173
Q

Rectal blood supply (3)

A

Superior rectal artery from inferior mesenteric artery
Middle rectal artery from the internal iliac artery
Inferior rectal artery from the internal pudendal artery

174
Q

P.E ABG

A

Respiratory alkalosis

175
Q

High output stoma

A

Octreotide

176
Q

HIV and deranged LFTs

A

Sclerosing cholangitis

177
Q

Painful 3rd nerve palsy

A

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm

178
Q

Supracondylar #

A

Median nerve at risk

179
Q

J Wave on EC

A

Hypothermia

180
Q

Proximal scaphoid #

A

Surgical fixation

181
Q

BPH

A

Median lobe

182
Q

Prostate ca

A

posterior lobe

183
Q

Ureterblood supply

A

Renal vessels, aortic branches, gonadal vessels

184
Q

Sciatic nerveorigin

185
Q

Marfan’s genetics

A

Fibrilin gene

186
Q

FFPcauses

A

urticarial reactions

187
Q

Kidney transplant

A

External iliac vessels

188
Q

Insertion into lesser troch

189
Q

Left kidney hilum

190
Q

Atropine

A

Inhibits parasympathetic activity

191
Q

Porta hepatis

A

Portal vein (posterior)
Hepatic artery
Common hepatic duct
Occluded in the Pringle manouver

192
Q

Pes anserious

A

Gracilis, sartorius, semitendinosus

Attach on the medial aspect of the tibia

193
Q

Pec minor nerve

A

Medial pectoral nerve

194
Q

Pec major nerve

A

Medial and lateral pactoral nerve

195
Q

Thoracodorsal nerve innervates

196
Q

Single duct producing clear +- bloody discharge

A

ductal papilloma

197
Q

Varicies drain into

A

Hemiazygous veins

198
Q

Crutch palsy

A

Radial nerve

199
Q

VMA

A

Phaeochromocytoma

200
Q

HIAA

201
Q

Greater petrosal nerve

A

Lacrimation

202
Q

Mirizzi sx

A

Gallstone impacted in Hartman’s pouch

203
Q

Extravisation of contrast media

A

Hyaluronidase, TPN and vinca alkaloids

204
Q

Intestinal cells of Cajal

205
Q

Stipple cells

A

Lead poisoning

206
Q

Pappenheimer bodies

A

Hyposplenism

207
Q

Dercum’s disease

208
Q

Aortic arch derivatives

A 
MyStupid COusin, Right Ate Pidgeon Shite
1. Maxillary
2. Stapedial
3. Common carotid
4. Aortic arch + R subclavian
5 missing
6. Pulmonary
7. Subclavian
209
Q

Right horn aortic embryology

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

210
Q

Left horn aortic embryology

A

Ascending aorta

211
Q

AAA monitoring

A

3-4.4cm yearly

  1. 5-5.4cm 3 months
  2. 5cm repair
212
Q

High HCO3-

A

Metabolic alkalosis

213
Q

Median nasal prominance fails to fuse with the maxillary prominance

A

Cleft lip/ palate

MRCS (1 decks)

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