Mr. Henry W

Question 1

What is the pathway for vision in the brain?

Answer 1

Retina to LGB where it is integrated and it goes to the primary visual cortex and calcarine sulcus.

Question 2

What is the pathway for hearing?

Answer 2

ears to the MGB then to primary auditory cortex and the transverse gyrus

Question 3

What is the path for movement

Answer 3

thalamus (mainly the motor part of the thalamus which is the VA + VL) and then to the spinal cord

Question 4

Where is the Wernickes speech area? What is its function

Answer 4

It is the secondary auditory cortex in the dominant left hemisphere. Its function is comprehension of speech, interpretation of speech, significance of words, Lesion here causes the person to not understand words and lose the ability to use words appropriately. This is sensory aphasia.

Question 5

Where is the Broca’s area? What is its function?

Answer 5

It is the motor association cortex in the left dominant hemisphere. It controls the larynx and tongue for speaking. It is important for the pronunciation of the words. A lesion here inhibits the person from producing speech sounds even if the understand the words. This is called motor aphasia.

Question 6

What connects the Wernicke’s and the Broca’s area in the brain?

Answer 6

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 7

What is the function of the frontal pole?

Answer 7

Used to generate words

Question 8

What is the heart of primary visual cortex and captures the retina?

Answer 8

Calcarine sulcus

Question 9

The primary motor cortex utilises which motor neuron? And which lamina is dominant in this area?

Answer 9

From the motor cortex to spine they use umn. Major lamina is 5

Question 10

Which lamina is dominant in the supplementary motor area?

Answer 10

4

Question 11

What is the function of the frontal eye fields?

Answer 11

Tracking words.

Question 12

Where and what is the function of the superior and inferior colliculi?

Answer 12

In the pons and vision and hearing respectfully.

Question 13

Name the 3 Association cortices

Answer 13

frontal, parietal and temporal association cortex

Question 14

What purpose does the frontal association cortex have?

Answer 14

intelligence, mood, behaviour, cognitive function, personality

Question 15

What purpose does the parietal association cortex have?

Answer 15

Spatial skills, 3D recognition (shapes, faces, abstract perception, concepts, recognition of written word and writing)

Question 16

What purpose does the temporal association cortex have?

Answer 16

memory, mood, aggression, intelligence

Question 17

What are some of the components of the limbic lobe?

Answer 17

cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, fornix, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, mamillay body, hippocampus, autonomic nuclei of the medulla.

Question 18

Describe the process of the direct cortico striate pathway

Answer 18

Axon from the sensorimotor cortex goes to the striatum and the motor neurons

Question 19

Describe the indirect striatopallidal pathway and what transmitters does this pathway use? What is the purpose of the pathway?

Answer 19

The striatum releases GABA to nhibit the inhibitors in GPe. The inhibitory axon from the striatum inhibits the inhibitory neurons in the GPe. GPe decreases its inhibition in the SUT. The SUT thus releases glutamate in the GPi which activates its inhibitory neurons. They inhibit the VA-VL of the thalamus. The thalamus thus decreases its output of glutamate into the sensorimotor cortex which decreases movement.

Question 20

What is the purpose of the striatonigral and striatopallidal pathways and what transmitters does it use and how do these work?

Answer 20

This pathway increases movement because from the striatum the inhibitory axons directly inhibits the GPi and the SNr. This pathway use GABA and substance P.

Question 21

In the direct pathway what are the two things that act on the thalamus?

Answer 21

GPi and SNr. They inhibits the thalamus by releasing GABA so that the thalamus can’t release glutamate into the cortex for movement.

Question 22

Describe the striatonigral and striatopallidal pathway to increase movement?

Answer 22

The sensorimotor cortex releases glutamate to activate the motor neurone and the inhibitory neurones of the striatum. The striatum then releases GABA into the SNr and GPi. This cause inhibition of the GPi and the SNr inhibitory neurons that go into the thalamus. This results in an increase glutamate release by the thalamus into the cortex for increase movement.

Question 23

What is the indirect pathway to decrease movement?

Answer 23

The cortex stimulates the striatal cells. The striatal inhibitory neurons are activated which inhibit the inhibitory neurons in the GPe. The GPe then decreases its inhibition of the SUT which means that there is increased glutamate release into the GPi which activates the inhibitory neuron of the GPi. The inhibitory neuron then inhibits the thalamus. Hence there is a decrease release of the glutamate by the thalamus into the cortex to cause movement.

Question 24

What is the effect of dopamine on the direct pathway D1?

Answer 24

The sensory motor cortex increases the excitation of the corticospinal tract which cause increased movement. Simultaneously the SNc releases dopamine into D1 cells activating the inhibitory neurones of the striatum to inhibit the GPi inhibitory neurones. This causes a decrease inhibition of thalamus by both the GPi and the SNr which is inhibited by the striatum as well because of excitation of inhibitory neurons from the striatum by D1 cells. As a result there is increase glutamate release into the cortex by thent

Question 25

What is the effect of dopamine on indirect pathway?

Answer 25

Sensorimotor cortex releases glutamate to cause movement. SNc releases dopamine to activate the inhibitory D2 cells. This inhibits the inhibitor of striatum. This increases inhibition of inhibitors in the GPe. This increases the inhibition of SUT by GPe. This causes a decrease in glutamate release from SUT to GPi. This causes a decrease in activity of the inhibitory neurones in the GPi which causes the increased activation of the thalamus. This increases the glutamate release by the thalamus into the sensory cortex. Hence an increase in muscle movement.

Question 26

What are the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 26

Mood and movement. Initiation and execution of movement. Muscle tone. Effect of disease.

Question 27

What are the diseases of the basal ganglia?

Answer 27

Mood/cognitive changes
Difficult with initiating Movements
Involuntary movements
Muscle tone defects

Question 28

What happens during huntington’s disease in the brain to cause hyperkinesia?

Answer 28

The striatopallidal pathway is lost (striatum to GPe). There is increased inhibition of the SUT which means a decrease in glutamate release into the GPi which means decreased inhibition of the thalamus by the GPi. This causes the increased activation of the cortex and thus increased movement.

Question 29

What happens during hyperkinesia in huntingtons disease late stage?

Answer 29

The connecting between the striatum and GPi and the SNr is lost do there in no inhibition of the GPi. So there is increased inhibition of the thalamus so decreased activation of the cortex thus hypokinesia.