MPRE Flashcards
Purpose of ethical rules
min lvl of ethical behavior for trustworthy lawyers
sources of ethical rules
1) ABA Model Rules; 2) rules of evidence; 3) con law; 4) crim law
forms of discipline (2)
&
other sanctions (3)
D: 1) censure (scolded either publivly or privately by either disciplinary authority or SC); 2) disbarment (temporary or long term)
OS: 1) disqualified for client; 2) civil liability; 3) crim liability
mandatory v. aspirational rules
M: must
A: should
informed consent elements (3)
1) adequate disclosure; 2) consent; 3) confirmed in writing
knowing v. belief v. reasonable
K: actual subjective
B: actual subjective
R: objective based on reasonably prudent and competent lawyer std
who regulates legal profession
& with what
State SC & Fed DC
what: model rules as adapted by state
pre-admission reg (4)
1) accredited school; 2) character and fitness - looking at past crimes - specifically truth related, addiction, or debt; 3) truthfulness on apps to school and bar; 4) pass MPRE
post-admission reg (3)
1) violations of rules; 2) criminal acts involving honesty/fitness ot practice (crime type);
3) fraud/deceit (even non criminal if….a) fraud on ct OR b) common law fraud (statement + know false + intend deceive …. no harm req)
VL of attorneys: supervising (who and when?)
must make reasonable efforts to ensure that lawyers and non comply with rules - includes indie K-ers, IT, etc.
subject to VL for rule violation if supervisor a) orders; b) ratifies; or c) learns and fails remedial
defense for supervisor ordered ethical violatoin
only if reasonable order
compliance systems
partners have duty to have one in place regardless of past problems
snitch rule (3)
rq’d to report (lawyers or judges) if….
1) actual knowledge
2) substantial violation
3) goes to honesty/trustworthiness/fitness to practice
out of state conduct … home jur disciplinary authority?
yes, can still discipline in home jur
out of state conduct: conflict of laws
bound by jur where reasonably believe actions had predominant effect
out of state conduct: practicing while out of state admitted only
a) pro hac vice - related to specific dispute
b) associated w/ local counsel who actually participates
c) working for client from home jur + has home state qualification
result of unauthoirzed practice
non lawyers –> injunction
lawyers –> loss of fee
aiding and abetting unauthorized practice
aka failing to supervise non-professionals who are doing legal work
avoid by 1) having client contact; 2) supervise and take responsibility of their work, don’t just delegate
pro se litigants and ghost advice
lawyers allowed to give limited aid to pro se
entities cannot be pro se
splitting fees: who allowed (2)
1) only with lawyers (and estate of decedent lawyer, part of retirement plan)
2) who do legal work on the matter (without any non-lawyers or third-party payors controlling such)
sale of practice: when allowed
whole practice or some practice area
cannot increase fees associated with sale
sale of practice: reqs (3)
1) lawyer stops practice
2) give client notice
3) sold to another lawyer
sale of practice: return to practice (4 situations)
1) in-house counsel
2) pro bono
3) diff area of law
4) change in circ (family issues, financial issues)
sale of practice: non-competition covenants
not allowed except for sale of practice
Duty to represent
no general duty unless ct appointed
Duty to reject
coextensive with rules for mandatory withdrawal
When A/C relationship starts
reasonable person believes test (negligence-esque)
triggers civil/ethical responsibility
scope of A/C relationship
can be limited by agreement so long as doesn’t limit ability to effectively rep
decisions left entirely for client in crim (3)
1) testify (crim)
2) exercise jur right (crim)
3) plea bargain (crim)
duties towards client w/ disability/minority (4)
1) maintain ordinary relationship
2) seek guardian approval as necessary
3) can reveal info as necessary to protect
4) can take protective action if in best interest
counseling related to crime/fraud
can tell consequences not how to commit (cannot aid)
lawyer mandatory w/drawal (3)
1) client wants/needs something that would cause rule violation
2) impairment of attorney (drugs, etc.)
3) discharge (client absolute right to fire - cannot be modified via K, no penalties…. can keep earned if not discharged for cause)
withdrawal after proceedings begin
need leave of ct, even if mandatory
permissive withdrawal (6)
1) harmless even if client objects
2) reasonable belief client pursuing crime/fraud + services used in such
3) repugnant client actions
4) unreasonable financial burden (bad deal not enough)
5) client fails obligation to lawyer (Fees)
6) good cause (illness, family issue)
financial/property responsibility post-withdrawal (3)
1) return property and unearned fees
2) can keep retaining lien for earned unpaid
3) must continue to hold funds held in third party dispute until resolved
reasonability of fees
LODESTAR test:
1) explained up front
2) novelty? (new to all, allow more, just you, maybe not)
3) amount in controversy (higher ris, higher reward)
4) precluding employment
fee agreement format
must be actually communicated, but ned not be in writing
except: contingency fees req in writing + how calculated
retainers/advancements
must keep separate in escrow or trust and return unearned at end
holding client property in lieu of fees (4 reqs)
note: may create COI
1) terms in writing
2) fair
3) inform client in writing about getting indie counsel
4) informed consent
fee sharing between lawyers (4)
1) fair to client;
2) disclosed to client;
3) actual services provided
4) signed informed consent
fee sharing with non-lawyers
never allowed
duty of confidentiality
includes all info learned relating to rep (public info, ID, observations, etc.)
A/C privilege (5)
1) speech
2) testimonial
3) given confidentially
4) actually kept confidential
5) related to legal rep
A/C privilege inadvertent disclosure (2)
not waived if
1) reasonable steps prevent
2) reasonable corrective after inadvertent
A/C privilege exceptions (2)
1) criminal/fraud (can’t participate in such)
2) dispute between client and attorney (can disclose related to dispute)
WP docrine
prevent docs used in connection w/ client case
when is WP discoverable
1) substantial need; + 2) no other means to get w/out undue hardship
what can ct compel disclosed
yes: confidential and WP
no: A/C
permissive disclosure of confidential info (6)
a) client consents
b) implied by rep (say want to sue, need to disclose ID)
c) prevent death or substantial injury (no lawyer involvement req’d)
d) education so long as don’t reveal ID + can’t be figured out
e) financial injury (1) prevent future; 2) necessary to prevent; 3) substantial harm; 4) services used for
f) prevent mitigate or rectify substantial financial harm caused by completed crime/fraud for which services were used
mandatory disclosure
must disclose if failure to do so would assist client in crime
duration of confidentiality duties
forever (survives death of either A or C)
duty of confidentiality to entities
owed to entity itself
duty of confidentiality and prospective clients
must be held in confidence if invited the info
confidentiality and the cloud
must secure info to comply with rules
factors: 1) sensitivity; 2) cost; 3) client consent
duty of loyalty
COI rules to ensure indie professional judgement and preserve confidentiality
enforcement of COI rules
trial court via litigation sanctions or discipline
types of COI
1) direct adversity w/ concurrent (rep on both sides) –> non-waivable
2) material limitation on ability to rep (another client, former client, third party, lawyer interests) –> maybe waivable
waivable conflicts: how to waive (3)
1) in writing
2) reasonable belief by lawyer won’t adversely impact rep
3) all effective clients waive
waivable conflicts: former client
cannot rep if same matter or substantially related to prior where you were a representative (objective test)
test: scope of prior? could have learned info? would it be useful?
waivable conflicts: personal interest of lawyer (6)
1) business dealings or qcquisition of interest in client property
2) draft will or gift which lawyer is beneficiary (unless family)
3) related lawyer on other side
4) acquisition of story rights before or negotiated before end
5) proprietary interest in litgation (money interest with client - can’t loan to client or make advances except for court costs)
6) sex w/ client (unless pre-existing) - not contagious
lawyer as witness
cannot rep where maybe witness unless non-contested or limited value in case
contagious conflicts
conflict between lawyer and client –> no lawyer in firm can rep UNLESS informed consent + writing
OR personal interest of lawyer (sex)
new lawyer with contagious
reqs for others to rep (3)
others can still rep if
1) instant screening (no info passed between incoming and firm)
2) incoming gets no part of fee
3) client notified (no consent req’d)
gov lawyer job search
cannot negotiate for employment with party whom involved with matter on
exception: law clerk w/ judge notified
COI and prospective clients
non-contagious if immediately screened after learning info in such comm that is COI
if not solicited, not triggered
third-party payors interference
&
consent?
not allowed for
1) work control (task approval)
2) info control (demand to see all case info)
3) settlement control (reg nature/amount)
CLIENT CAN CONSENT TO SUCH!
agreements to limit or eliminate malpractice
not allowed unless client advised in writing of seeking indie counsel + reasonable opp.
representing organizations
rep org not constituents individually bu can jointly rep
bad behavior of org
if a) know violation of law +2) substantial injury
must
1) refer to highest org authority
2) if not corrected, MAY resign (noisy withdrawal allowed - disclose confidential)
duty of professional competence: standards of review
3
negligence std (Duty, breach, causation, damages)
OR
breach of fiduciary relationship (COI)
OR failure of performance (K std)
duty of professional competence: duty to decline/withdraw
not competent and can’t become without unreasonable delay