MPI U2 Organic Chem Practice Quiz Flashcards
The process in which two monosaccharide molecules combine under certain conditions is an example of A. respiration B. dehydration synthesis C. hydrolysis D. enzyme deactivation
dehydration synthesis
During chemical digestion, large food molecules are broken down into smaller food molecules by the process of A. synthesis B. absorption C. hydrolysis D. excretion
hydrolysis
What is represented by this chemical formula? C6H12O6 A. glucose molecule B. lipid atoms C. oxygen gas D. water
glucose molecule
What substance is formed as a result of the chemical breakdown of starch (polysaccharide)? A. sucrose B. cellulose C. chitin D. glucose
glucose
What elements are present in all organic compounds? A. nitrogen and carbon B. nitrogen and oxygen C. carbon and hydrogen D. carbon and oxygen
carbon and hydrogen
Which compound is a polysaccharide? A. maltose B. starch C. ribose D. glucose
starch
Which molecule is added during dehydration synthesis and removed during hydrolysis? A. salt B. disaccharide C. fructose D. water
water
What is the process called when water is added to split a disaccharide into its monosaccharides? A dehydration synthesis B hydrolysis C combustion D oxidation
hydrolysis
How do you easily identify sugars
when you see a ring (ring - ring pop - sugars)
pH 7 is…
Pure water (water that has “impurities” removed)
compounds that dissolve in water to produce solutions with an excess of H+ ions or OH- ions
ACIDS AND BASES
A solution that has an excess of H+ ions
Acids
A solution that has an excess of OH- ions
Base
chemical process that makes H+ ions and OH- ions equal
Neutralization
scale used to measure H+ ions
pH scale
stands for potential hydrogen
pH
Living things are mostly composed of 4 elements
C H O N - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
a substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together
Compound
smallest part of a compound
Molecule
Made by organisms - Contain C H (Carbon and hydrogen)
Organic compounds
what type of compound is water
Inorganic Compounds
Compounds are broken down into two general categories
Inorganic Compounds and Organic compounds
able to: form strong stable covalent bonds, form up to 4 chemical bonds, can form multiple bonds
carbon
have been grown or farmed without the use of artificial chemicals, hormones, antibiotics or genetically modified organisms
Organic foods
what do organic compounds often form from long chains of smaller molecules.
HUGE macromolecules
molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
Monomer
a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of many repeated subunits (monomers)
Polymer
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS include:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
sugars and starches
Carbohydrates
ONLY COMPOUND WITH A RATIO
Carbohydrates
Building blocks of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: simple sugars
- Provide and store energy for cells.
- Include glucose and fructose.
- Names of sugars usually end in “-ose”.
- Structure: “ring pop”
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides can be linked together through the process of…
dehydration synthesis
Water is removed resulting in a ________ between the 2 molecules.
covalent bond
“removing water” ”combine”
Dehydration Synthesis
two monosaccharides combined
Disaccharide
“many” (3 or more) monosaccharides linked together in a single chain
Polysaccharide
used for storage and structural components of organisms
Polysaccharides
STORAGE: Plants - ______ used for energy storage in roots, stems, and leaves.
starch
STORAGE: Animals - ________ branched polysaccharide used for energy storage in the liver of organisms
glycogen
STRUCTURE: Plants – ______ is made of polysaccharide chains (e.g. Wood) not very digestible
cellulose
STRUCTURE: Animals - ______ = exoskeleton
chitin
Starch (plants)
Glycogen (animals)
storage
Cellulose
Chitin
structure
one simple sugar
Monosaccharides
double sugar
Disaccharides
“many” (long chains…sugar polymer)
Polysaccharides
process where molecules are broken apart by “adding” water
Hydrolysis
Glycogen can be broken down to…
Glucose
What is the formula for Glucose
C6H12O6
Makes life possible in its present degree of complexity
Proteins
_______ are proteins
enzymes
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
PROTEINS! only one with nitrogens
Building blocks of protein
amino acids
20 different…
amino acids
R =
variable
2 amino acids combined by dehydration synthesis.
Dipeptide
covalent bond that joins two amino acids together is called a…
PEPTIDE BOND
The amino acids are joined together by…
dehydration synthesis
3 or more amino acids combined together.
Polypeptide
- A sequence of amino acids (polypeptide chain) interact to form shapes
- these shapes fold up to form three dimensional structures
- proteins can interact with other proteins
proteins
Amino acids build two types of proteins:
structural and chemical
- structure – part of cells (cytoskeleton) growth / repair body tissue (muscle)
- biochemical - enzymes
- cell signaling - receptors on cells
- Regulation – hormones (insulin, HGH)
- Defense – antibodies
- Pigments
- transport – O2 - hemoglobin in blood
- brain signaling
Functions of Proteins
Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Found in every ______ ______ and are important in the mechanism of heredity.
living cell
DNA is the molecule where your ______ are located.
genes
Code of life which directs ________ _________
protein synthesis
Building Block of DNA
nucleotide
Twisted ladder
double helix
Lipids
fats, oils and waxes
Lipids furnish about twice as much ________ as carbohydrates.
energy
_________ energy storage
Long-term
elements of lipids
C H O carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
elements of proteins
C H O N carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
elements of carbohydrates
C H O carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
ratio of elements H:O 2:1 (only one with ratio)
Building Blocks of lipids
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
A __________ __________ consists of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule.
triglyceride molecule
This triglyceride has ____ saturated fatty acids and ____ unsaturated
two, one
- Major part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
- Long-term energy storage
- Insulation (whale blubber)
- Cushioning (lipid layer – brain)
Functions of lipids
Enzymes are _____
proteins
Enzymes are essential for life because most of the _______ ________ in living cells would occur too slowly, or would lead to different products, without enzymes!
chemical reactions
The name of an enzyme usually ends in
-ase
Most coenzymes are…
vitamins
Enzymes are large complex protein molecules made of _______ ________
amino acids
long chain which is folded to produce unique 3D structure
Protein
Chemical reactions require ______ enzymes
specific
sucrase
Sucrose –>
glucose + fructose
Enzymes are (_______) ________ the principal regulators of most chemical activity in living systems
(biological) catalysts
A catalyst is a chemical involved in, but not changed by…
a chemical reaction
Catalysts… _______________________ …control rate of activity!
…speed up or slow down a reaction…
Enzymes modify the reaction without _____ _____ ____
being used up
The area on the enzyme where the reaction occurs
the active site
area of enzyme that touches the substrate
Active site
- pH
- Temperature
- Concentration of enzymes
- Concentration of substrate
Factors influencing enzyme action
Each enzyme has an _______ ______ at which it functions efficiently.
optimum pH
Each enzyme has an optimum _______ at which it functions efficiently.
temperature
In general as temperature increases, the rate of enzyme action ______
increases
At relatively ______ _______ however, the shape of the enzyme molecule tends to be altered, thus the enzyme _______
high temperatures, denatures
distortion of an enzyme molecule at high temperatures
Enzyme denaturation
The temperature at which an enzyme is efficient is the _______ _______
optimum temperature
ENZYMES ARE SPECIFIC
one enzyme - one substrate
