MP322- TREATING DIABETES

Question 1

Metformin

Answer 1

biguanide
- reduce hepatic glucose production
- taken with food
- cautions in renal impairment

Question 2

metformin side effects

Answer 2

GI > diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating, gas, reduced appetite
vitamin B12 deficiency > tiredness, tingling in hands and feet

Question 3

sulfonylureas

Answer 3

Glibenclamide, gliclazide, glimeprimide, glipizide

• stimulate acid secretion from pancreatic beta cells
• bind to ATP-gated K+ channels, causing channel closure and membrane depolarization

Question 4

side effects of sulfonylureas

Answer 4

hypoglycaemia
weight gain

Question 5

Meglitinides

Answer 5

prandial glucose regulators
- rapid onset and short duration
- taken before meals

Question 6

Thiazolidinediones (aka glitazones)

Answer 6

Pioglitazone (tablet)
- increase insulin sensitivity by stimulating the expression of insulin-sensitising genes
- bind to and activate receptor PPARy
- renal failure substitute for metformin

Question 7

Thiazolidinediones side effects

Answer 7

water retention (oedema)
weight gain

Question 8

GLP-1 agonists

Answer 8

exenatide, dluaglutide, semaglutide

• stimulate insulin release from pancreatic islet cells, slows gastric emptying, inhibit glucagon release, reduce food intake

Question 9

DPD-4 inhibitors (gliptins)

Answer 9

sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, alogliptin

work by blocking the action of DPD-4, an enzyme which destroys the hormone incretin

incretin helps the body produce more insulin when needed and reduce the amount of glucose being produced by the liver when not needed

Question 10

SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer 10

dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, empagliflozin

act by inhibiting the glucose transporter SGLT2, which functions in the kidney to mediate glucose reabsorption