Movement Science Midterm Flashcards
Movement emerges from the interaction of 3 factors:
Organism, task, environment
Factors within the organism that constrain movement
Perception, action, and cognition
Cognition affects perception and action
Motor control definition
Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
Reflex theory
Reflexes are the building blocks of complex behavior
Hierarchical theory
Brain has higher, middle, and lower levels of control. They work Top–> down
Reflex/Hierarchical theory
Motor control emerges from reflexes that exist within hierarchically organized levels of the CNS
Motor development occurs due to CNS maturation –> higher levels of control over lower level reflexes
Reflex/ Hierarchical theory - if higher centers are damaged:
Lower level reflexes take over and interfere with normal movement
–> Movement problems are direct result of the neural lesion
Motor Program
Pre-developed pattern of activity that is stored and called into action
Can be activated either by sensory stimuli or central processes
Central Pattern Generator
Spinal circuit/ spinal mediated motor program that produces a functional behavior
Doesn’t need descending control from cerebral cortex. Does need certain level of sensory input
Clinical applications of motor program theory
- Importance of training patient to learn correct “rules” of action
- Focus on training function, not muscles in isolation
Dynamical Systems Theory
Movement can emerge as a result of interacting elements, without need for commands or motor programs
Behavior is not specified in advance, but assembled on the spot by interaction of organism, task, and environment
Variability in dynamical systems theory vs. motor program theory
Variability is necessary for optimal function in dynamical systems theory
Variability represents an error in motor performance in motor program theory
Attractor and attractor well
Attractor is a preferred pattern of movement that system will return to after perturbution
Attractor well: Degree to which flexibility to change exists
Control parameter
Variable that regulates change in the behavior of the entire system
Examples: temperature, force, speed, pain, strength, flexibility
Phase shift
Behavior shift from one stable attractor to another
Stable movement patterns become unstable just before phase shift
Control parameter acts to reorganize the system at the transition
Dynamical systems theory - synergy definition
Nervous system simplifies problem of degrees of freedom by constraining groups of muscles and joints to function collectively
Modern definition: Neural organization of multi-element system that ensure flexible and stable performance of a motor task
Ecological Theory of Motor Control
Patient is an active explorer of solutions to accomplish tasks within a variety of environments
**Environment is perceived, actions are based on these perceptions
4 theories of motor control
- Reflex/ hierarchical
- Motor program
- Dynamical Systems
- Ecological
Motor learning definition
Set of processes associated with practice/ experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for producing a skilled action
Acquisition and/or modification of movement
- not necessarily observable
Three types of implicit learning
Non-associative
Associative
Procedural
Non-associative learning (implicit)
Sensory learning that follows a repeated stimulus (habituation and sensitization)
Associative learning (implicit)
Learning that involves association of ideas, learning to predict relationships (between two stimuli, or between behavior and consequence)
Classical conditioning (pavlov) Operant conditioning (reinforcement, punishment)
Procedural learning (implicit)
Learning a task to be performed without attention or conscious thought
- requires repetition
- form ‘rules’ for the action. When a rule is not met, action breaks down (seat belt example)
Explicit/ declarative learning
Rapid learning with little/ no practice
Can be consciously recalled, requiring awareness, attention (unlike implicit)
Leads to inefficient movement patterns
With repetition, declarative knowledge can become procedural knowledge
Three theories of motor learning stages
- Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
- Systems 3 stage model
- Gentile’s 2 stage model
Motor schema
The rules associated with a movement
Three stages of Fitts and Posner theory
Cognitive phase
Associative phase
Autonomous phase
Cognitive phase of Fitts and posner motor learning thoery
- Conscious processing of tasks
- Learner develops and analyzes different strategies to carry out task
- Highly variable performance
- Coaching, instruction needed to improve performance
Associative phase of Fitts and Posner motor learning theory
- Person has selected be strategy for task and now begins to refine skill
- Less variability in performance
- Less external coaching; pt develops internal reference for corrections
Autonomous phase of Fitts and Posner motor learning
- Minimal attention requires for performance
- Task adaptability
- Higher level brain center
3 stages of the Systems 3 stage model of motor learning
(Focuses on controlling degrees of freedom as a central component of learning a new skill)
- Early/ novice Stage
- Advanced Stage
- Expert Stage
Early/ novice stage of Systems model of motor learning
Degrees of freedom are constrained by simplifying the movement (constraining joints - not energy efficient)
Advanced stage of Systems model of motor learning
Movements at more joints are allowed b/c they can now be controlled independently (muscle synergies used)
Expert stage of Systems model of motor learning
All degrees of freedom have been released so that task is performed in most efficient way.
Gentile’s two stage model of motor learning
Describes the goal of the learner in each stage
- First Stage
- Second Stage
First stage of Gentile’s two stage model of motor learning
Goal: develop an understanding of the task dynamics and requirements of the movement
Second stage of Gentile’s two stage model of motor learning
Fixation/ diversification phase: goal is to refine movement.
- Ability to perform task consistently and efficiently
- Capability of adapting to changing task and environmental demands
Divided vs. selective attention
Selective: Cutting out distractions
Divided: Multitasking
2 cognitive theories of motor development
Piaget and Erikson
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
Describe different stages of intelligence
Erikson’s eight stages of cognitive development
Describe different stages of personality development
Neuromaturational theory of motor development
Based on the idea that developmental change occurs as a result of CNS maturation (increased cortical control over reflexes)
Moro reflex
Primitive reflex triggered by sudden change in position of the head relative to the trunk
Traction reflex
Flexion response in upper extremities when they are pulled on
Crossed extension reflex
Noxious stimulus on a fixed leg → flexion, add, extension on contralateral leg
STNR
Neck extension: UEs extend, LEs flex
Neck flexion: Vice versa
Tonic labyrinthine reflex
Extensors facilitated in supine, flexors in prone
Landau reaction
When suspended in supine, infant extends neck, trunk, legs
-helps develop scapular and pelvic mobility
Three tenets of neuronal group selection theory
- Development selection
- Experiential selection
- Re-entry
Developmental selection (neuronal group selection theory)
Anatomical connectivity, according to genetic code, creates primary repertoire of human movements
Experiential selection (neuronal group selection theory)
Behavioral experience –> modifications in the strength of synaptic connections, creating neuronal groups and creating secondary repertoire of movements
Re-entry (neuronal group selection theory)
Integration of neuronal maps through connections between neuronal groups
