Movement of blood and fluid Flashcards

1
Q

Which side of the heart is pulmonary and which is systemic?

A
Right = pulmonary
Left = systemic
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2
Q

What is meant by bulk flow?

A

Movement of fluid by means of pressure difference - in this case hydrostatic pressure

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3
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure a fluid exerts on its container e.g. blood within a vessel

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4
Q

What is perfusion pressure?

A

The pressure difference between two points in a blood vessel - pressure needed for blood to flow

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5
Q

What is transmural hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure across the vessel wall

- calculated as the difference between the pressure exerted by the fluid inside the vessel and outside the vessel

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6
Q

How is bulk flow referred in a capillary?

A

Into a capillary = absorption

Out of a capillary = filtration

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7
Q

What does Fick’s law of diffusion state?

A

The rate of diffusion is equal to the conc gradient

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8
Q

What is osmosis dependent on?

A

The presence of a semipermeable membrane for the water to diffuse across, and on the osmotic pressure difference between the inside of the capillary and the ISF

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9
Q

The net movement of water between the capillaries and the ISF is decided by the balance between … ?

A

Osmotic and hydrostatic pressures across the capillary wall

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10
Q

A positive answer to the Starling equation means?

A

Water will be filtered out of the capillary

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11
Q

What effect would dilation of arterioles have on hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries?

A

Increase, leading to filtration along the whole length of the capillary

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12
Q

What is the effect of constricted arterioles?

A
  • greater resistance to flow and result in less blood entering the capillary bed
  • drop in hydrostatic pressure
  • more absorption of fluid from the ISF
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13
Q

Where are some portal systems found?

A
  • the kidney
  • between the hypothalamus and pituitary
  • splanchnic circulation
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14
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in a minute

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15
Q

What is the end systolic ventricular volume?

A

Residue volume in the ventricles as they do not completely empty with each systolic contraction

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16
Q

What is the end diastolic ventricular volume?

A

The volume in the ventricles after diastolic filling

17
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The difference between the ESVV and EDVV = the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricle each cardiac cycle

18
Q

Which 3 factors influence the EDVV?

A
  • diastolic filling time
  • preload
  • compliance
19
Q

Which two factors influence ESVV?

A
  • afterload

- contractility

20
Q

The cardiac output is = ….. x …..

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

21
Q

How can stroke volume be increased?

A

Either increase the EDVV or decrease the ESVV

22
Q

What is preload?

A

The filling pressure of the ventricles during distole

23
Q

How is preload increased?

A

Pressure in atria and veins must increase

  • increase overall blood volume
  • reducing the space the blood needs to occupy
24
Q

How does increasing preload affect the stroke volume?

A

increased preload = increased EDVV = increased SV

25
Q

What is heterometric autoregulation?

A

How the sides of the heart exist in series e.g. increased SV on one side causes an increased SV on the other side

26
Q

What is compliance?

A

A measure of how readily the ventricular walls stretch during diastolic filling

27
Q

The ability of the ventricle to relax adequately called?

A

Lusitrophy

28
Q

How does the sympathetic NS act on the heart?

A
  • increases contractility
  • decreased ESVV
  • shortens systole
  • increases HR
29
Q

What is afterload?

A

Resistance that needs to be overcome to force blood out - vascular resistance

30
Q

How does afterload affect ESVV?

A

Increase in afterload, increases ESVV

31
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Thickening of heart muscle

32
Q

Aortic pressure (Pa) = ….. x …. ?

A

CO x TPR

33
Q

Why does TPR reduce during exercise?

A

Dilation of arterioles in skeletal muscle

34
Q

pulse pressure = … - … ?

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure