Movement disorders Flashcards
Name an example of a hypokinetic movement disorder
parkinsonism
Name an example of a hyperkinetic movement disorder
tremor chorea tics myoclonus dystonia
Structure for describing tremor?
position- rest, postural, kinetic
body part affected
frequency
amplitude
Differential for tremor?
physiological tremor essential tremor parkinson's disease drugs cerebellar disease metabolic orthostatic tremor dystonia
Name a drug that causes tremor
dopamine antagonist- epileptic treatment
beta agonist
caffeine
Example of metabolic disease causing tremor?
hyperthyroidism
What is the pattern of inheritance of essential tremor?
AD
What is the treatment for essential tremor?
beta blockers
How is parkinson’s disease diagnosed?
brakinesia + 1 of the following: muscular rigidity, 4-6Hz tremor, postural instability
Multisystems atrophy presents with parkinsonism and?
autonomic disturbance- urinary problems, postural hypotension
Differentials for parkinsonism?
multisystems atrophy parkinson plus syndromes drug induced lewy body demential vascular parkinsonism
Differential diagnosis for chorea
Huntington's disease Wilson's disease Fiederich's ataxia antiphospholipid syndrome drugs lesions of basal ganglia
Name two drugs that cause chorea
levodopa
dopamine receptor antagonists
Which metabolic disorders can cause chorea
hypernatraemia
hyperlycaemia
polycythaemia vera
Does tourette’s present in adults?
always under <18
Which conditions are tourrette’s associated with?
ADHD
OCD
anxiety
depression
Treatment for tics?
clonidine, botulinum
Define myoclonus
sudden brief involuntary muscle jerk (loss of tone or muscle contraction)
What are the causes of myoclonus?
drugs, metabolic (DKA, liver failure), epilepsy
Define dystonia
sustained or intermittent muscle contractions
What is torticollis?
twisted neck, overactivity of sternocleidomastoid= dystonic condition
Name three causes of an ataxic gait
P - Posterior fossa tumour A - Alcohol S - Multiple sclerosis T - Trauma R - Rare causes I - Inherited (e.g. Friedreich's ataxia) E - Epilepsy treatments S - Stroke
