Movement, addiction and Sleep Flashcards
4 forms of analgesics
-Opium
-Morphine
-Heroin
-Opioids
Acetycholine
Procuced by a clsuter of neurons in the basal ganglia and the brainstem. Controls every move you make, relases motor neurons through controlling sketal muscles, contributes to the regulation of attention arousal memory
ACh for Arousal
Important NT for aoursl. two groups: one in pons other in basal forebrain. They produce activation and coritcal desynchrony. There is a third grroup in the medial septum to the hippocampus
ACh Recptors”
(ionotropic– sitmulated by nicotine)
-Nicontinc receptors between motor neurons and muscles, some clearly some are in the CNS
(Metabotropic – stimulate by muscarine)
-Muscarinric recptors, CNS has both receptors but primairlly muscarinic
Adenosine
Accumulation of this chemical inhibits neural activity and causes emotional/cognitive effects seen with sleep deprivation.
Affinity
Drugs vary widely in this, which the readiness by which two moecules attach. For this example, it is between a drug and itss binding site.
Agonists
Facilitate an NT system
Alcohol
A CNS depressant and the second most used psychoactive drug. It has two sites of action: Inderaction agonist for GABA receptor and interct antagonist for NMDA recptors. Both cause apoptosis.
Amino Acids
Most abdunant NT in the CNS. The 3 most common, in the CNS, are:
-Glutamte
-GABA
-Glycine
AMPA receptors
An ionotropic glutaamate receptor with an affinity for alpha-amino-3-hydroxxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propronic acid
Amphetamine
A CNS Stimulant that has antiastmatic effects, boost alternetness and produces a feeling of confidence. It is a catecholamine agnost, blocking reuptake and directly stimulating the release of dopamine from the presynpatic terminal.
Antagonists
Repress an NT system
Antagonists muscles
Moving an arm or leg back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles
Anterior corticospinal tract:
Ipsilateral fibers direct primary motor cortect directly to target neurons in spinal cord. Controls the core
Ascending reticular activating system
Wakefulness. Begins from brainstem to hypothalamus to forebrain
Basal Ganglia
Striatum, caudate nucleus and putamen, globus pallidus, substaintia nigra, subthamalmic nucleus, nucleus accumbens. Functions to orchestrating planned movement, smooth intended motor activity, inhibits unintended motor activity.
Behavioral tolerance
Tolerance as modifiied by the enviroment – learning and memory
Botulin
Blocks release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction
Causes of Huntingont’s diseasq
Repeats of CAG on chromosone 4. Graudal damange in the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex
Causes of parkinson
An impairmenet in intitating spontaneous movement in the absence of stimuli to guide the action. Gradual progressive death of neurons, especially in the substantia nigra
Cells in cortex
Upper motor neurons
Cells in ventral horn in spinal cord
Lower motor neurons
Cocaine
A CNS stimulate that causes a sense of euphoria, increased and heightened mental alerntness. Combats effects of hunger a fatigue. It blocks the reuptake of DA,NE 5-HT
Cocaine and meth elebate activtity at NE synapses.
How do cocaine and meth effect NE synapses
Cocaine and Meth elevates activity at DA synapses. Which interferes with Process of reuptake
How do Cocaine/Meth effect Dopamine?
Competitve binding
Direct agonists and antagonists act directly on the NT binding site
Corticospinal tracts
Paths from cortex to spinal cord. Orginatin in layer V where Betz cells are located. Travels through the corona radiata
Curare
Blocks nictonic recptors at the neuromuscular junction
Decussation
Anterior Corticopsinal tract – Crossing over in spinal cord
Direct agonists
A drug capable of mimicing the effects of an NT
Direct Antagonists
Drugs that can bind with the receptors of a postsynpatic neuron but does not open the ion channel and acts as a receptor blocker
Disorders associate with the dysregulation of DA
Parkinsons
-Huntington’s
-Schizophrenic disorders
-Addictive disorders
Disorders associated with the disregulation of Glutamate:
-Schizophrenia
-Mood Disorders
-Epilepsy
Disorders associated with the dysregulation of NE synapses
Depressive disorders
Disorders associated with the dysregylatuion of serotonin
-Depressive disorders
-OCD’s
-Eating disorders
Disorsders assoicates witht eh dysregulate of ACh
-Alzheimers Disease
Dopamine
Dopaminergic systems originate in the midbrain. Contributes to voluntary movement, attention and learning as well acting as a reward pathway.
Efficacy
Drugs vary widely in this: the ability to produce a desired or intended result.
Endocannabinoid
Lipids found in the cannbinoid receptors stimulated by tetrahydrocannbinol. Anandamide, a natural ligand, stimualtes these receptors.
Endorphines
Peptides involved in the pain and reward processses.
Enzymatic degradation
A specific enzyme changes the structure of the neurotransmitter so it is not recognized by the receptor. For example, acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that breaks acetylcholine into choline and acetate.
Epinephrine
Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. A NT in the brain and is referred to colloqiually as “Adrenaline.”
Extrafusal fibers
A skeletal muscle fiber, contracts to shorten a muscle
Four major types of glutamate receptors
(Ionotopic)
-NMDA receptor
-AMPA receptor
-Kainate recptor
(Metabotropic)
-Metbotrpic glutamate recptor (At least 8 subtypes)
GABA
Simialr to glutamte. Has direct excitatory and inhibitpory effects on axons as well as the ability to raise or lower the threshold of excitation. No need for special rceptors, which indicates that these had a modulating effect before specialized receptors.
Gamma-aminobutryic Acid (GABA)
Produced from glutamaitic acid by the action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
Glutamate
Specifically involved in the creation of synapses, strengthening of synpases– directly affecting neuroplasticity.
Glutamate
Simialr to GABA. Has direct excitatory and inhibitpory effects on axons as well as the ability to raise or lower the threshold of excitation. No need for special rceptors, which indicates that these had a modulating effect before specialized receptors.
Glycine
Inhibitory NT in spinal cord and lower portions of the brain stem. Iontropic [Cl-] produces IPSPs. Unsure of how Glycine is produced
Glycogen
In times of increased activity, this chemical is converted into fuel and induces prolonged wakefulmess. During the SWS, astrocytes renew their stores of this chemcial
Golgi tendon organs
Located in the tendons and also detect tension
Histamine for arousal
Cell bodies of histaminergic neurons located in tuberomammilary nucleus of the hypothalamus. Hugh during wakefulness, low during sleep.
Homeostatic theory of sleep reguation
Sleep provides rest and recovery. Evidence: Sleep rebound, sleep deprivation. Evidence against: Larger animals do not need more sleep
How does Tetanus occur within the body?
The bacteria that causes tetanus releases a chemical that supresses the release of glycine, which causes the muscles to contracl continuously.
Hunting’s disease
A disease characterized by arm jerks and facial twitches early on. Spreads to other parts of the body and turns into writhing. Interferes with walking, speed and other movements. Loss of ability to learn new movements.
Indirect agonist
Drugs can attached to an alternative site and facilitate the opening of an ion channel
Indirect antagonist
Drug can attach to one of these alternative sites and prevent ion channels from opening.
Inhalation
Average speed of absorption, neither fast or slow.
Injection
Fasted speed of aborbdtion, reaches the brain quickly.
Intrafusal fibers
A skeletal muscle fiber, detecs changes in muscle length
Lateral corticospinal tract
Contralateral fibers that direct a signal from primary motor cortex directly to target neurons in the spinal cord. Controls distal limbs/digits
Laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT)
(LDr)One of the relevant groups of ACh neurons that sustains wakefulness through cortical desychnrony (beta waves) projects to thalamus and basal forebrain
Locus Coeruleus
A nucleus in the dorsal pons – most important noradrenergic systms.
MDMA (ecstasy)
A form of amphetamine, promotes and feeling of well-being. It’s a messy drug, aka a monoamine agonist that causes release of stored dopamine and 5-ht. Has numerous adverse effects
Mesocortical system
Projections axons to the prefrontal cortex; excitatroy effect; helps in formation of STm, planning and statergy for problem solving.
Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Reward System
“Do it again” Center most active in anticipation of pleasureable events. Signifgant role in the craving or desire for frugs
Mesolimbic system (Dopamine)
Projects axons to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus. Rewarding effects and addictive behaviors
Monoamines
Single amine group. Consists of Catecholamines (Dopamine, Norephin, epinephrine) and indolamines (serotonin, histamine)
Monosyanptic spinal reflex
Hitting the patella with tool. When a muscle streched cord sends a reflexive signal to contract it. The strech reflex is caused by this.
Motor unit
Alpha motor neurons, its axon, and the extrafusal fibers that it innervates
Muscle spindles
Detect stretch and tension of a muscle
NE for Arousal
Important NT for arousal. Activity in the Locus Coeruleus in the dorsal pons gives rise to axons that branch widely releasing NE
Neurological
Affets thoughts, motivations and beahviors
Neuromsucular junction
A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
Neuropsychopharamacology
Identify drugs that interactic with the NS to alterbehavior that has been disrypted. To be effective, drugs must reach their sit e of action/
Nicotine
A CNS stimulant. Nonsmokers who recieve the same dose experience heightened tension and arousal. Some studies suggest that it activates regions involved in cognition. Receptors exist in many brain regions. In PNS releases releasing epinphine and norepinephrine, The receprs are especially abudnac in the nucleys accumebens and facilitate dopamine release
Nitric Oxide
Simple, solubale gas produced by activity of enzymes in neurons. It is a retrograde NT. Used as a messanger thoughout the body and dilates blood vessles in metabollicy actives parts of the brain/
NMDA receptors
An exvtiatory ionotropic glutamate receptor with an affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate.
Noncompetitive binding
Some receptors have multiple binding sites. NT binds with one site and other molcles bind with the other
Norepinephrine
Noradengric neuronssend input to almost ever part pf the brain. Modulates mood, arousal and vigilance. Contributes to new stimuli and implicated in memory.
Oral administartion
Slowest speed of absopotion of a drug
Orexin/Hypocretin
Within the lateral hypothalamus, orexin projects to almost every brain region involved in wakefulness and arousal, including the locus coeruleus, raphe nucei, tubermammillary nucleus, and acetylinergioc neurons in the dorsal poins.
Oxytocin and Vaopression
Peptides involvded in the regulation of specifc fluids and social relationships
Parkinson’s disease
Characterized by rigidity, muscle tremors, slow movements and diffiuclty initating physical and mental activity. Additional sympomts: Depression, memory/reasoning defecits and other cogntive effects. Loss of olfaction is an earlysymptom
Parkinson’s disease treatment
The drug L-dopa is the primary treatment for Parkinson’s and is a precursor to dopamine that easily crosses the blood-brain barrier as qwell as surgical neural transplation of doapminergic cells, Additionally, lesioning areas of the basal ganglia and deep brain stimulation
Pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (PPT)
One of the relevant groups of ACh neurons that sustains wakefulness through cortical desychnrony (beta waves) projects to thalamus and basal forebrain
Peptides
3-40 Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Usually, they are neuromodulators, though some are neurotransmitters.
Pharmacodynamic tolerance
Tolerance as a result of exposure to high drug doses
Pharmacokinetics
The movement of frugs: the process by which they are absorded, distributed, metaboized and excreted.
Pharmacydynamics
What the drugs does the body
Pilocarpine
Is an agonist for muscarinic recptors in the CNS
Pineal gland
Releases the hormone melatonin, making us sleepy
Polysomnograph
A combination of EEG, eve-movement records, EOG, EMG used to record sleep.
Pontogeniculooccipital spikes (PGO spikes)
Region of the pons that projects to the lateral geniculate nucleus (of the thalamus) and to the occiptal cortex. Active during dreaming
Pre-supplementary motor cortex
Deciding to suppress a response, More complicated task where there is tasks where there is tak switching. Organizes rapid sequences of movements in a specifc order
Premotor cortex
Active immediately before moving. Receives info about target, body position, posture. Helps direct movement toward target. Externally guided movements.
Proproceptior
A receptor that detects the position or movement of the body
Proprooception
The ability to sense the position, orienation, and movement of one’s own body
Quadriplegia
Spinal cord injury with a severe impact on quality of life. Caused by nerve damage to c3,c4 to c8. Sympoms include: losing control of arms, legs and torse.
Raphe Nuclei
Contain most serotonergic neurons. Stimlation of this indcues locomotion and cortical arousal (the faciliation of automatic movements.)
REM consolidation
Nondeclarative memory
REM Slee[
Mixture of theta/beta activity. Rapid eye movements. Muscles relaxed. Facial twitches. Dreaming
Retinohypothalamic tracts
Extend directly from the retin to the SCN can alter the SCN’s settings. Resets the internal biological clock.
Reuptake
The act of picking up neurons in the synpatic clefy by the presynaptic neuron
Scopolamine
Is antagonist for muscarinic recptors
Serotonin
INvolved in the regulation of mood, sleep and wakefulness, eating, temperature, sex and agression.
Skeletal Muscles
Comprised of extrafusal fibers and intrafusal fibers
Slow wave sleep SWS
Synchronized nueral activity and sycnhonized inhibiton of activitit
Stage 1 of addiction: Binge/Intoxication stage
A stage in additction. Early, rewarding experiences, such as positive experiences. Begins in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, central amygdala and ventral palladium.
Stage 2 of addiction: Withdraw/Negative Affect Stage
After inital stage of addiction, people show withdraw symptoms when drug is no longer available. Is the opposite of the drug’s effect/ Extended Amygfala is the central amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminais and a portion of the nucleus accumbens shell.
Stage 3 of addiction: Preoccupation/Anticipation
This stage leads to relapse and starts the downward spiral. Several drugs have shown to have this effect months/years after usage. Priming effects” Medial preftonal cortex, nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. Conditioned cues: basolateral amygdala communication to prefrontal cortex. Compromised hippocampa; functioning.
Stychnine
Glycine antagonist, even in small does can causes convulsions, muscle cramps, respiratory problems and even death.
Substantia Nigra (Dopamine)
Nigrostriatal system projects axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen of the basal ganglia.
Supplementary motor cortex
Actively immediatly before moving. Self-initated (voluntary) movements. Not so active in movements triggered by external events. Organizes repid sequence of movements in a specific order
Supramiasamtic nucleus SCN of the hypothalamus
Circidanin rhymths for sleep/body temperature. Continues when removed from body. Certain retinal ganglion cells respond to light.
SWS consolidation
Declarative memeory
Therapatic effect:
The target and benefical consequences of the dug
Tolerance:
When an individual’s reaction to a drug decreases with repeated exposure. Increasingly larger doses are required to achieve the same desired effect.
Treatments for quadirlegia
Autologous trnasplantions, proper chemical enviroment require to guide cell developed into the disired type of neuron. Neurorehabilityative therapt.
Ventral Tegmental area (Dopamine)
Comprised of the Mesolimbic system and the Mescotical system
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
Projects to the locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus to inhibit arousal. Projects to TMN and pontine to inhbit arousal. Also inhibits the lateral hypothalamus. Promotes sleep and produces GABA/Galanin
What causes muscles to contract?
The release of ACh
What drugs affect Serotonin?
Prozac and antidepressants.
Where are Serotonergic neurons found?
Nine clusts, most of which are found in the raphe nuclei of the midbrain, pons and medulla. Most important clusters are found in the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei.
Where at the alpha motor neurons located?
(Efferent fiber) in ventral horn
