Movement Flashcards
What is flexion?
decreases the angle at the joint
sagittal plane
What is extension?
increases the angle at the joint
sagittal plane
What is protraction?
forward advancement of the limbs
sagittal plane
What is retraction?
backwards movement of the limbs
sagittal plane
What is abduction?
movement of the limb away from the trunk
frontal plane
What is adduction?
movement of the limb towards the trunk
frontal plane
What is rotation?
circular movement
horizontal plane
What is circumduction?
combination of abduction and rotation
What are the functions of the skeleton?
- Movement
- Protection
- Storage
- Shape
- Support
What are the regions of the skeleton?
Axial- skull, spine, ribs, sternum
Appendicular- forelimb (thoracic appendicular skeleton), hindlimb, pelvis
Joints
What is the function of the skull?
• Houses the brain and the majority of the senses
• The head and neck play an important role in balance during
locomotion.
• Head position alters centre of gravity: important in changing speed and gait.
• Extremes of head and neck position are often encountered in equine sports so it is important to understand the anatomy in order to identify changes/problems these may cause.
What bones make up the equine skull?
do not to know these for exam
- Maxilla
- Mandible
- Incisivebone
- Nasalbone
- Lacrimal bone
- Zygomatic bone
- Pallantinebone
- Frontal bone
- Temporal bone
- Parietal bone
- Interparietal bone
- Occipital bone
What are the canine skull shapes?
- Canine skull shapes vary between breeds
- Brachycephalic- pug, bulldog, King Charles spaniel
- Mesaticephalic- Labrador, spaniel
- Dolichocephalic- hound, Doberman
What are the muscles of the skull?
masseter
temporalis
muscles for the ears
muscles for lips and muzzle
What is the equine spine made up of?
- 7 Cervical
- 18 Thoracic
- 6 Lumbar
- 5 Sacral (fused)
- ~15-21Coccygeal or caudal
Explain the flexibility of the equine spine.
- Highly flexible cervical and coccygeal spine.
* Minor dorsoventral and lateral movement of thoracolumbar and sacral spine.
What is the vertebral formula of the equine spine?
• Vertebral formula, C7, T18, L6, S5, Cg or
Ca15-21
What is the canine spinal formula?
•Spinal formula C7, T13, L7, S3, Cg or Ca20-23
What are the processes of vertebrae?
- Dorsal spinous process
- Transverse process
- Articular process
What is the equine cervical vertebrae made up of?
atlas or C1
C1 to C7
C1 and C2 have a different interaction and no intervertebral disk
What are the sections of the equine spine?
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccygeal or Caudal
What are the two joint types between vertebrae?
- Joint between vertebral bodies.
- Intervertebral discs.
- Movement in all directions.
- Joints between articular facets.
- Limited by angle which varies throughout spine.
What are intervertebral discs?
inner nucleus (pulp), outer annulus fibrosus
spreads compressive forces
• Pulpy nucleus.
• Annulus fibrosus.
• Thickness decreases throughout thoracic and
lumbar regions.
• Spread compressive forces.
• Annulus fibrosus under tension during
compressive force.
• Flexion of spine compresses ventral aspect of disc.
What do two successive vertebrae form?
one intervertebral foramen
What is transitional vertebrae and fusion?
- Deformation of vertebrae
- Usually occurs at junctions
- Fusion can occur anywhere, has a pain association during the process
What are the ligaments of the equine spine?
- Nuchal ligament
- Funicularportion
- Lamella portion
- Nuchal ligament attaches at C2 and has no lamellar portion
- Supraspinousligament
- Supraspinous ligament attaches at T1
What are the bones of the equine forelimb?
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius and ulna
- Carpus
- 7 bones
- Metacarpal bones
- II – IV
- Phalanges
- Long pastern • Short pastern • Coffin bone
- Sesamoid bones
- Proximal sesamoids
- Navicular bone
What are the bones of the canine forelimb?
- Scapular
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulnar
- Carpal bones
- Metacarpal bones
- Phalanges
What are the bones of the equine hindlimb?
- Pelvis
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia and fibula
- Tarsus
- 6 bones
- Metatarsal bones
- II – IV
- Phalanges
- Long pastern
- Short pastern
- Coffin bone
What are the bones of the canine hindlimb?
- Pelvis
- Femur
- Sacrum
- Tibia and fibula
- Tarsus
- Metatarsal bones
- Phalanges
What is the pelvis made up of?
- Some times referred to as the os coxae
- Made up of three regions that fuse at around 1 year old
- Illium
- Ischium
- Pubis
What are the bony landmarks?
- Tubercle – small rounded projection.
- Tuberosity – small rough projection.
- Process – larger projection.
- Spine – pointed or narrow process.
- Fossa – shallow depression or recess.
- Foramen – natural hole.
- Condyles - smooth rounded articular process.
- Epicondyle–area above a condyle.
- Crest – prominent ridge.
- Sulcus – deep groove.
- Trochlea – smooth grooved articular process (like a pulley). • Facet – small flat articular surface.
- Ramus – extension of a bone that makes an angle.
