Movement Flashcards
What animal has the longest mammal migration?
Humpback Whale (megaptera novaeangliae) up to 8500 Km each way
What is the longest insect migration?
The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) up to 4750 km in the autumn (North America to Mexico).
What bird holds the longest round-trip?
The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) 70,900 Km (North to South Pole)
What bird holds the highest altitude migration?
The Bar-headed Gooae (Anser indicus) 9000m above sea level.
What animal, undertakes the longest migratory route, in water?
Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys co roaches) 20,558 Km in 647 days (Indonesia to Oregan, USA)
The process of satellite tracking and organism while collecting data. Is called what?
Telemetry.
What reasons are there for migrating?
Weather, food, breeding.
A small mammal of mass 100g, contains 1g of fat, runs for 1km. While doing so, consumes 2.4 kj of energy.
1g of stored lipid contains 37 kj of energy.
How far could the small mammal run before depleting the energy stored within the lipid?
37 kj/ 2.4 kj = 15 km
So the mammal could run 15 km
What is the name for the ‘corridors’ long-distance migratory birds use.
Flyways.
In terms of neurotoxins. What are secondary chemicals? and give and example .
Secondary chemicals are compounds produced outside of regular metabolic processes. An example can be alkaloids, which are important components of neurotoxins.
What are neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters are molecules which pass across synapses between neurons. Or pass across the synapses of neuromuscular junctions of neurons and muscle.
What is acetylcholine?
A neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, contained within vesicles in nerve cells (neurons).
How does action potential travel from the brain, reach the muscle and cause action.
Action potential is instigated in the brain, it travels down the nerves in the spinal cord until it reaches a nerve ending. The vesicles in that nerve ending fuse with the nerve cell (neurone) membrane and release acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) into the space between the neurone and muscle cell (synapses). The neurotransmitter then binds to the muscle cell receptors, causing ion channels to open in the muscle cell, allowing calcium to flow in. This influx of calcium ions triggers an action along the length of the muscle.
Describe and give an example, of an acetylcholine antagonist.
Tubocurarine is a curare alkaloid. It binds to acetylcholine muscle receptors, which prevents acetylcholine from binding. Therefore muscle contraction ceases.
Why is nicotine a acetylcholine agonist?
Nicotine binds to acetylcholine receptors on the muscle cell which blocks and stimulates the muscle cell. Increasing blood pressure, heart rate and the release of adrenaline.
What is training and give an example of a species which uses such technique.
Trampolining is the visitation of flower-rich patches via regular routes or trap lines.
What are central place forages and give one example.
Central place foragers are organisms (such as hummingbirds and need) who are constraint to forage in a given area due to having a nest with young to feed.
What are ‘random walkers’? And give an example.
Hover flies are random walkers. They move across a landscape depositing eggs in suitable locations with no need to return to them.
What are the selection pressures on central place foragers?
Exposure to high levels of predation who use the similar foraging strategy.
What are the selection pressures on random walkers?
They do not have the benefit of local knowledge of food resources like central place foragers.
