Movement Flashcards
Muscle origin
the beginning attachment point of a muscle
Muscle insertion
Where the end point of a muscle connects back to the skeleton
isolated function
the joint motion created when a muscle contracts concentrically
integrated function
The joint motion(s) created when a muscle contracts eccentrically or isometrically
Reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist contracts, its functional antagonist relaxes to allow movement to occur at a joint
Muscle action spectrum
The range of muscle contractions used to accelerate, decelerate, and stabilize forces.
Eccentric muscle action
Occurs when a muscle generates force while lengthening to decelerate an external load.
Concentric muscle action
Occurs when a muscle generates force while shortening to accelerate an external load.
isometric muscle action
Occurs when a muscle generates force equal to an external load to hold it in place.
Sensations
A process by which sensory information is received by the receptor and transferred either to the spinal cord for reflexive motor behavior, to higher cortical areas for processing, or both.
Perceptions
The integration of sensory information with past experiences or memories.
Afferent
Sensory neurons that carry signals from sensory stimuli toward the central nervous system.
Efferent
Motor neurons that carry signals from the central nervous system toward muscles to create movement.
Proprioception
The cumulative neural input from sensory afferents to the central nervous system.
Neuromuscular efficiency
The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow agonists, antagonists, synergists, and stabilizers to work synergistically to produce, reduce, and dynamically stabilize the human movement system in all three planes of motion.
Feedback
The utilization of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to aid in the development of permanent neural representations of motor patterns for efficient movement.
Internal (sensory) feedback
The process by which sensory information is used by the body via length-tension relationships, force-couple relationships, and arthrokinematics to monitor movement and the environment.
External (augmented) feedback
Information provided by some external source, for example, a health and fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor.
Sarcomere
The functional unit of a muscle made up of overlapping actin and myosin filaments.
Cross-bridge mechanism
The collective physiological processes that cause actin and myosin filaments to slide across each other, functionally shortening the muscle as it develops tension.
Length-tension relationship.
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Resting length
A muscle’s state when the body is standing still; not contracting or stretching.
Neural drive
The rate and volume of activation signals a muscle receives from the central nervous system.
Overactive/shortened
Occurs when elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction.
Underactive/lengthened
Occurs when inhibited neural drive allows a muscle’s functional antagonist to pull it into a chronically elongated state.
Muscle imbalance
Alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint.
Kinetic chain
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.
Force-couple relationship
The synergistic action of muscles to produce movement around a joint.
altered reciprocal inhibition
process by which an overactive muscle decreases the neural drive of its functional antagonist
synergistic dominance
when a synergist overcompensates for a prime mover in order to maintain force production.
Posture
The independent and interdependent alignment (static posture) and function (transitional and dynamic posture) of all components of the human movement system at any given moment, controlled by the central nervous system.
structural efficiency
The alignment of each segment of the human movement system, which allows posture to be balanced in relation to a person’s center of gravity.
functional efficiency
The ability of the neuromuscular system to recruit correct muscle synergies, at the right time, with the appropriate amount of force to perform functional tasks with the least amount of energy and stress on the human movement system (HMS).
local musculature system
Muscles that connect directly to the spine and are predominantly involved in LPHC stabilization.
muscles that are located centrally to the spine provide…..
intersegmental stability (support from vertebra to vertebra)
superficial muscles support……
the spine as a whole and also help generate forces for movement.
which system is called the stabilization system?
the local muscle system
The joint support system of the LPHC includes muscles that
either originate in or insert into, or both, the lumbar spine
muscles of the local muscular system
transversus abdominis, multifidus, internal oblique, psoas, diaphragm, and the muscles of the pelvic floor
One of the best examples of local musculature working synergistically is the
drawing in maneuver
what type of muscle fiber is the local muscular system mostly comprised of?
Type 1 slow twitch
global muscular system
Muscles responsible predominantly for movement and consisting of more superficial musculature that originates from the pelvis to the rib cage, the lower extremities, or both.
example of a peripheral joint support system is …
the rotator cuff, which provides dynamic stabilization for the humeral head in relation to the glenoid fossa
what are the joint’s passive elements called?
ligaments
the peripheral joint support system consists of….
muscles that aren’t movement specific.
muscles that are located near a joint with broad spectrum attachment to its ligaments
function of the joint support system
create stiffness and stability
what muscle type is the global muscular system mostly made of?
type 2 fast twitch
what’s another name for the global muscular system?
the movement system
main CORE muscles of the global muscular system
-quadratus lumborum
-psoas
-portions of the internal oblique
-rectus abdominis
-gluteus medius
-addcutor complex
type I muscle fibers are best for what kind of movements?
long isometric contractions
Major muscles of the global muscular system
-rectus abdominis
-extrenal obliques
-erector spinae
-hamstring complex
-gluteus maximus
-latissimus dorsi
-adductors
-gastrocnemius
Which global subsystem runs through the back, across the hip, down the leg on each side of the body?
the deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS)
what is included in the DLS?
-erector spinae
-thoracolumbar fascia
-sarcotuberous ligament
-bilateral biceps femoris
-tibialis anterior
-fibularis (peroneus) longus
which subsystems work together to produce movement in the lower extremity?
longitudinal subsystem and the posterior oblique subsystem
what are the subsystems of the global muscular system?
-Deep Longitudinal
-Posterior Oblique
-Anterior oblique
-lateral
which subsystem creates a cross-body stabilization force?
posterior oblique system POS
function of the posterior oblique system
-stabilizes sacroiliac joint
-moves hips through the transverse plane
-produces movement in lower extremity
function of the anterior oblique system
-stabilize and support the pelvis
-support leg swing as the hip naturally rotates in the transverse plane during gait
-transfer forces from one side of the body to the other across the front of the hip
the anterior oblique system consists of:
-internal and external oblique muscles
-the adductor complex
-hip external rotaters
function of the lateral subsystem:
-creates movement in the frontal plane
-aids in pelvofemoral stability
what does the lateral subsystem include?
-gluteus medius
-tensor fascia latae
-adductor complex
-quadratum lumborum
what muscle action(s) are integrated?
eccentric
isometric
what muscle action(s) are isolated?
concentric
what are the five kinetic chain checkpoints?
-foot and ankle complex
-knees
-lumbar pelvic hip complex
-shoulders
-head and neck
what are the checkpoints for the foot and ankle complex?
Neutral arch of the foot (not flattened and toes not scrunched), feet parallel and pointing straight ahead, hip-to-shoulder width apart
what are the checkpoints for the knees?
In line with the second and third toes of each foot and not flexed or hyperextended
what are the checkpoints for the LPHC?
Neutral sagittal hip position (no excessive posterior or anterior tilt) and hips level in the frontal plane
what are the checkpoints for the shoulders and thoracic spine?
Not rounded forward and in line with the hips and ears from a lateral viewpoint
what are the checkpoints for the head and cervical spine?
Neutral cervical spine (no excessive forward positioning of the neck), ears in line with the shoulders, and a level chin
